Through cognitive practice, we have a preliminary understanding of the structural composition, structural principles and construction methods of houses. Further improve the understanding of architectural culture, architectural knowledge, construction and building materials, consolidate and expand the theoretical knowledge learned, and improve learning enthusiasm.

Let's summarize the combination of internship and theoretical knowledge and the gains.

I. (1) structural form

Nowadays, the buildings mainly adopt frame structure or frame shear wall structure, and brick-concrete structure is also used but rarely used. The two construction sites we visited both adopted frame-shear structures. It is a combination of frame structure and shear wall structure, which absorbs their respective advantages. It can not only provide large space for building layout, but also have good lateral force resistance. This kind of structure is to arrange a certain number of shear walls in the frame structure to form flexible and free use space to meet the requirements of different building functions. It also has enough shear walls and considerable rigidity. The stress characteristics of frame-shear wall structure are new stress forms composed of two different lateral resistance structures, namely frame and shear wall structure, so its frame is different from pure frame structure, and the shear wall in frame-shear wall structure is also different from the shear wall in shear wall structure.

(2) constructional column

In the design of brick-concrete structure, in order to strengthen the spatial stiffness and integrity of the building and avoid or reduce the damage of the building in the earthquake, according to the seismic code, we set up a certain number of ring beams and constructional columns to strengthen the harmony.

Provisions on the location of structural columns to improve the tensile and crack resistance of buildings: The code stipulates that regardless of the number of floors and seismic fortification intensity of buildings, they should be located at the four corners of external walls, the junction of horizontal walls and vertical walls at staggered floors, the two sides of large openings, and the junction of external walls and internal horizontal walls of large rooms. The four corners of the stairwell are best set. The parapet of the master's roof should also be set with constructional columns. For long-span beams, if battlements or cushions are not provided, constructional columns should also be provided.

In the frame shear wall structure, in order to strengthen the integrity of the block partition wall, structural columns or ring beams should be set at the appropriate position of the block partition wall, which is the same as the brick-concrete structure.

Second, construction joints, deformation joints and post-cast strip

Construction joint: a joint formed by planned interruption of construction due to the limitation of construction technology, which is called construction joint. Because the concrete structure is poured in layers, the gap between this layer of concrete and the upper layer of concrete is the most common construction joint. So it's actually not a seam, but a face. Because the joint surface formed by concrete pouring is prone to various hidden dangers and quality problems, different structural projects need to treat construction joints with caution.

Deformation joints include expansion joints, settlement joints and seismic joints. Their function is to ensure that the house has a certain degree of freedom of expansion and contraction when the normal temperature changes, the uneven settlement of the foundation or the earthquake, and to prevent the wall from cracking and structural damage. Post-pouring belt is a method to replace deformation joints of high-rise buildings. Its practice is to leave a gap with a width of 800mm ~ 1000mm every 30m ~ 40m, and not to pour concrete for the time being. Lap joints can be used for reinforcement in joints. When the load is almost stable, concrete is usually poured two months after the structure is capped. Post-cast strip is used for buildings with a building length of more than 50 meters. When the building is less than 50 meters in length and is a frame structure, in order to ensure the integrity and certain rigidity of the building, unit walls are set to increase the integrity and rigidity of the building.

Settlement joint: a joint set to overcome the uneven settlement of the structure. For example, there are great differences between the parts of the superstructure, whether it is the number of floors or the use load; Or because of the great difference of foundation compressibility, it is necessary to set joints to divide the structure into several parts, so that the settlement of each part is more uniform and additional stress is avoided in the structure. This joint is called "settlement joint". Must be completely separated from the foundation to the superstructure

Expansion joint: If the plane size of the building is too long, it may cause excessive temperature stress in the structure due to thermal expansion and contraction. It is necessary to set a joint on a certain length of the structure to divide the building into several parts, which is called temperature joint. For different structural systems, the spacing of expansion joints is different, which is specially stipulated in the current code for design of concrete structures (gb500 10-2002). Expansion joints can be continuously opened at the foundation;

Anti-seismic joint: a joint set to make the building more regular, which is beneficial to the anti-seismic structure and the foundation can be opened continuously.

At present, three joints are mostly used-only settlement joints can meet this requirement, so settlement joints are used instead of other joints.

3. Beam: According to the common support methods of beams, it can be divided into simply supported beams, cantilever beams, simply supported beams at one end and fixed beams at the other end, fixed beams at both ends and continuous beams.

Beams can be divided into main beams, secondary beams, connecting beams, ring beams and lintels according to their positions in the structure.

Doors and windows lintel

The beams on the openings of doors and windows support the load of masonry above the openings; Window wall for transmitting load

Common forms: brick lintel, reinforced brick lintel and reinforced concrete lintel.

ring beam

In masonry buildings, closed reinforced concrete beams are set in the masonry along the horizontal direction.

Setting ring beams in masonry buildings can enhance the overall and spatial stiffness of the building and prevent uneven settlement or large vibration load due to the foundation.

Ring beam: a structural closed beam (non-load-bearing beam) in which reinforced concrete is poured at the top or bottom of the masonry to ensure the stability of the masonry. Reinforced concrete is used, the thickness of which is generally the same as that of the wall. It can be slightly less than the thickness of the wall in cold areas, but it should not be less than 2/3 behind the wall, and the height should not be less than 120mm. Common ones are 180mm and 240mm.

In the non-seismic fortification area, the main function of ring beam is to strengthen the overall stiffness of masonry structure building and prevent the uneven settlement of foundation or the influence of large vibration load on the building.

In the earthquake area, the main functions of ring beam are: strengthening the connection of vertical and horizontal walls and improving the integrity of the house; As the edge component of the floor, it improves the horizontal stiffness of the floor; Reduce the free length of the wall and improve the stability of the wall; Restrict the development and extension of oblique cracks in the wall and improve the shear strength of the wall; Reduce the influence of uneven settlement of foundation on houses during earthquake.

Through this internship, I have a further understanding of relevant professional knowledge and learned a lot of things that I have never touched before, which has benefited a lot. The in-depth visit to the front line of the construction site has enabled me to combine the theoretical knowledge I have learned with practice, systematically consolidate the theoretical knowledge I have learned, deepen my understanding of the theoretical knowledge I have learned, get a preliminary understanding of the working characteristics of architectural engineering design and construction, and become familiar with various technologies and management work in the engineering design and construction site. During my internship, I found that my ability to analyze and solve problems was well exercised and cultivated, and I was psychologically prepared for my future work. In addition, through internship, I broadened my horizons and increased my rational understanding of building construction.