Professor of geography, head of geography department of Oxford University, and later, he served as the dean of the famous London School of Economics and the British emperor.
President of the National Geographic Society. In addition, he is a member of the British Parliament, an adviser to the Privy Council and chairman of the Imperial Economic Committee.
British High Commissioner in Yugoslavia and Russia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It can be seen that he is a scholar and political activist.
/kloc-Britain's political and economic position in the world, especially its geopolitical strategy, during the transition period from 0/9th century to 20th century.
There has been a major change in status. Economically, due to the great development of industrial revolution and industrial production in the19th century, Britain became.
As a "world factory", its industrial product output occupies a monopoly position in the world. At that time, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands
Blue imperialism has declined, and the British Empire is in an indisputable position in the world. To this end, Britain's diplomatic freedom.
Trade policy. By the end of19th century, the industrial revolution had spread to Western Europe, Central Europe, even Eastern Europe and North America, France and Germany.
In the United States and other countries, industrial production has risen sharply and exports have increased greatly, so it is difficult for Britain to become a competitor.
Think about it.
In order to stabilize overseas markets, Britain had to vigorously develop colonies to ensure that Britain sold goods and capital there.
Control and monopoly on export and raw material procurement. As a result, Britain is in Asia, Africa, France, Germany, Russia and Japan are in America.
Competition and conflict with the United States. In this kind of competition and conflict, for Britain, it can be said that there is a common feature, that is, the ocean.
Despite the competition between countries and land countries, Britain and Russia are colonies in Asia, Britain, France and China are colonies in Asia and Africa.
They are interrelated, but in essence they still reflect the contradiction between the British Isles and Europe, France and Germany. In the colonial battle
The war between Britain and Boers in South Africa was very hard. These situations show that the idea that maritime hegemony is invincible in the past has been challenged.
The war reflects the rise of a land power.
Under the influence of this great change in reality, Mackinder put forward the concept of time with a unique historical vision and profound macro space.
A Representative New Geopolitical Theory —— "heartland theory". 1904, Mackinder read his
The article "The Geographical Hub of History".
In this paper, according to the characteristics of geopolitics, Maxwell divided the world into "hub area", inner crescent area and outer crescent area.
Area. The hub area is located in the middle of Eurasia, where the terrain is flat, the climate is dry or cold, and the south is grassland.
And mountains, plateaus and basins in the east, west and south.
The west is connected with the eastern European plain.
The inner crescent region is an annular region around the hub region. Buddhism in East Asia is in the east, and Brahmanism in South Asia is in the south.
Domain, the southwest is the Islamic domain of southwest Asia and North Africa, and the west is the Christian domain of Europe. The outer edge of this area is the same as that of
The coasts of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. The outer crescent moon is the rest of the world, including Eurasia.
Islands outside land, such as Britain and Japan; Sub-Saharan Africa; All of South America, North America and Oceania.
According to historical records, Mai pointed out that nomadic people in the hub area, from the early Huns, Alva, Bulgarians,
Magyars and the Mongols passed through the pass between the Urals and the Caspian Sea and the southern Russian grassland in batches, instead of passing through the Carpathian Mountains.
The eastern European plain in the north of the mountain enters the hinterland of Europe through the Danube River basin in the south of Carpathian Mountains. The Mongols marched west, at
There is the Golden Account Khanate in southern Russia and the Ilkhanate in southwest Asia. It was the prairie people who used the mobility of horses and camels.
The invasion of sovereignty into Europe has formed the history of a big European country. So Marx said that European civilization is against the long-term struggle in Asia.
As a result of the debate, the history of Europe should be regarded as the history of Asia.
Then, Maxwell said that after Columbus discovered the mainland, the west used the maneuver of maritime navigation to break through Europe and go to the world. he
We established the right to control the sea with the fleet, and established large colonies in the inner crescent and the outer crescent. On land, Russia
Germans used Cossacks to cross the Urals, cross Siberia, reach the Pacific coast, and then enter Central Asia. Ocean and
The cooperation on land offset the strategic advantage of nomadic people in the original hub area.
Mai believes that today, due to the invention of the steam engine and the construction of the railway, the role of a land power has changed, and it has replaced horses and camels.
The mobility of camels in the past has restored the pressure on the surrounding areas, and a hub area in world politics has emerged. In view of this situation,
Mai's conclusion is: "the expansion of hub countries to the edge of Eurasia has changed the balance of power in its favor."
This will make it have huge mainland resources to build a fleet, and then the world empire will be in sight. If Germany and
This may happen in the Russian alliance. "
In the face of this possible situation, in order to maintain Britain's world status and naval advantage, Maxwell's countermeasures for Britain are:
"The threat of this state of affairs must unite France with a maritime power (namely Britain), so France, Italy, Egypt,
India and North Korea will become bridgeheads from which external navies can support, forcing the hub alliance to deploy the War Department.
Team to prevent them from concentrating on building a fleet. ""For the benefit of maritime countries, we should cooperate with France as a bridgehead on land.
Unite and urge Germany to give up any attempt to participate in the policy of hub areas. "
After World War I, Maxwell saw that in the battle between the German army and the Russian army, the German army attacked the east coast of the Baltic Sea in Russia.
Ukraine and the Sea of Azov. Although Germany lost in the war, Prussia's traditional strength still exists, and Russia has also carried out reforms.
Life, the strength of Germany and Russia will certainly recover, and will once again pose a threat to maritime countries jointly or separately. To this end, he is in 1.
At the 9 19 Paris Peace Conference, the article "The Ideal and Realization of Democracy" was published. In the article, he replaced it with "the heart of the land"
"Hub area", and see the important role of geopolitics in Eastern Europe, and put his world geopolitics "heartland theory"
Summarize into three famous sayings:
Whoever controls eastern Europe will rule the "heartland";
Whoever controls the "hinterland" will rule the world island;
Whoever controls the world island will rule the world.
The world island is Europe, Asia and Africa, and it is called the world island because of its connection. Eastern Europe is a multi-ethnic region,
It has long been influenced by Central European countries and Russia. The Paris Peace Conference established a new country according to national principles, making it an obstacle.
The key to prevent the two countries from realizing their geopolitical trend.
In the Second World War, Eastern Europe failed to play its preventive role. The Soviet Union not only controlled the defeat of Germany and the victory of the Soviet Union.
The situation in eastern Europe, even in East Germany, is extremely superior according to the land center of Mai. However, in the case of the cold war,
The confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union lasted for nearly half a century, resulting in the disintegration of the Soviet Union, ending the pattern of bipolar opposition during the Cold War. It seems that geography
There is no doubt that the geographical condition of politics is an important condition in the world political structure, and it is also restricted by other conditions. Otherwise, the geographical zone
It will become a fatalistic philosophy of environmental determinism.
Mackinder's heartland theory is the progress of geopolitical theory. First of all, he broke the long-term sea power thought and put it
The idea of land ownership has risen to the height of global strategy. This can be seen from the two world wars the importance of land rights. Secondly,
He observed the characteristics of geographical conditions from a global macro perspective, paying attention to the hub area first and then pushing it to the inner crescent area.
Outside the new area, at the same time pay attention to their mutual relations and connections in the global strategy. Thirdly, from the historical background,
Grasp the relationship between hub areas and foreign regions. This view of history is a time and space formed by combining with the global view of geography.
Global strategy. This geopolitical thought of global time and space is Mackinder's great contribution. Fourth, the grassland people have always
Its superior position lies in its mobility. Mai noticed that the appearance of the railway at that time would bring new mobility to the hub area. This reflects
Realize the influence that his technological development and change will bring to geopolitics.
In addition, we should also see that Maxwell's analysis, conclusions and countermeasures are all centered on the decline of the British Empire in order to recover its losses.
Decline, loudly called on Britain to pay attention to the fatal threat of German-Russian development to Britain. Therefore, it can be said that the theory
It has a distinct era. It is this geopolitical thought of Marx and its three famous sayings that came into being at the turn of the century.
It also reflects the brand of the popular geographical environment determinism thought at that time.