②: Horse. Master of engineering.
③.MBA. Master of Business Administration
Phd stands for ph.d.
Bachelor of English: Bachelor of Science
Master's degrees can be roughly divided into the following categories:
The first kind: horses. Master of Science.
The second kind: horses. Master of engineering.
The third kind. MBA。 Master of Business Administration (MBA)
A doctorate? (generally refers to one kind, that is, doctor)
Degrees in modern countries are generally divided into three grades: bachelor, master and doctor. "Postdoctoral" refers to the doctoral degree winner who is allowed to enter the post-doctoral research mobile station to engage in scientific research. This is not a degree. It is a misunderstanding of China's degree system to regard postdoctoral doctors as higher degrees than doctors.
Degrees (Academic Degrees): an academic title or academic honorary title awarded to an individual, indicating his educational level or academic level in a certain subject field, or commending his outstanding contribution in a certain field (honorary degree). Awarded by qualified institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutions or other academic institutions and examination and approval institutions authorized by the state. Degree titles are enjoyed for life. Originated in medieval Europe. What degree a professional technician has indicates his academic level or professional knowledge learning qualifications, which symbolizes a certain identity.
The bachelor's degree is awarded by institutions of higher learning authorized by the State Council, and the master's degree and doctor's degree are awarded by institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions authorized by the State Council. Undergraduate graduates of institutions of higher learning who have achieved excellent results and reached the prescribed academic level are awarded bachelor's degrees; Postgraduates from institutions of higher learning and scientific research, or persons with the same academic ability in postgraduate education, pass the course examination and thesis defense of master's (doctoral) degree and reach the required academic level, and are awarded the master's (doctoral) degree. Institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions that confer academic degrees shall, after academic degree evaluation committee has made a resolution on conferring academic degrees, issue corresponding degree certificates to degree winners.
bachelor of science
Master's degree: roughly divided into the following categories:
The first kind: horses. Master of Science.
The second kind: horses. Master of engineering.
The third kind. MBA。 Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Doctoral degree (generally refers to one kind: Ph.D, including engineering, science, etc. )
Degrees (Academic Degrees): academic titles or honorary titles awarded to individuals, indicating their education level or the level they have achieved in a certain subject field, or commending their outstanding contributions in a certain field. Awarded by qualified institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutions or other academic institutions and examination and approval institutions authorized by the state. Degree titles are enjoyed for life. Originated in medieval Europe. What degree a professional technician has indicates his academic level or professional knowledge learning qualifications, which symbolizes a certain identity.
Degrees in modern countries are generally divided into three grades: bachelor, master and doctor. "Postdoctoral" refers to the doctoral degree winner who is allowed to enter the post-doctoral research mobile station to engage in scientific research. This is not a degree. It is a misunderstanding of China's degree system to regard postdoctoral doctors as higher degrees than doctors.
The bachelor's degree is awarded by institutions of higher learning authorized by the State Council, and the master's degree and doctor's degree are awarded by institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions authorized by the State Council. Undergraduate graduates of institutions of higher learning who have achieved excellent results and reached the prescribed academic level are awarded bachelor's degrees; Postgraduates from institutions of higher learning and scientific research, or persons with the same academic ability in postgraduate education, pass the course examination and thesis defense of master's (doctoral) degree and reach the required academic level, and are awarded the master's (doctoral) degree. Institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions that confer academic degrees shall, after academic degree evaluation committee has made a resolution on conferring academic degrees, issue corresponding degree certificates to degree winners.
Excuse me, how do the colors of robes for bachelor, master and doctor degrees match? Doctor's robes are black and red, master's robes are blue and dark blue ... black, master's robes are blue and dark blue, and bachelor's robes are yellow and white. ... "I'm embarrassing myself.
What are doctors and masters? Doctor's degree is an academic title that indicates that the educational level and academic level of the grantee have reached the prescribed standards. Among bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctor's degree, doctor's degree is the highest level.
Postgraduates in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, or persons with the same academic ability as postgraduates, may be awarded doctoral degrees after passing the course examination and thesis defense for doctoral degrees and reaching the prescribed academic level.
A master's degree is a postgraduate degree between a bachelor's degree and a doctorate. A master's degree usually symbolizes a basic independent thinking ability.
Generally speaking, taking a master's degree only needs to complete a specific course and achieve the required results, while most master's courses in philosophy require full-time academic research and writing a master's thesis before graduation, in addition to excellent grades and being a teaching assistant. The time required to complete the course-based master's program varies from one year to two years, and the admission qualification is generally a bachelor's degree. On the other hand, because the master of philosophy needs to do full-time research and serve as a teaching assistant, the requirements for admission qualifications will be much higher. Usually, applicants need to have a bachelor's degree and get a second-class honor, or even a first-class honor or above. It usually takes two to two and a half years to complete the master of philosophy course, and sometimes the study time is extended because of research difficulties, but usually it will not exceed four years.
What are masters and doctors?
Master courses are mainly divided into two types, namely, elective courses and research courses. Master's degree courses mainly include Master of Science (Master of Science in English), Master of Education (Master of Medicine in English), Master of Engineering (Master of Science in English) and Master of Literature (Master of Literature in English). And the MBA. Research-oriented master programs include Master of Philosophy (MPhil).
Generally speaking, taking a master's degree only needs to complete a specific course to achieve the required results, while most master's courses in philosophy require not only excellent grades, but also full-time academic research and writing master's thesis before graduation. The time required to complete the course-based master's program varies from one year to two years, and the admission qualification is generally a bachelor's degree. On the other hand, because the master of philosophy needs to do full-time research and serve as a teaching assistant, the requirements for admission qualifications will be much higher. Usually, applicants need to have a bachelor's degree and get a second-class honor, even a first-class honor or above. It usually takes two to two and a half years to complete the master of philosophy course, and sometimes the study time is extended because of research difficulties, but usually it will not exceed four years. In addition to a bachelor's degree, an MBA usually requires several years of work experience.
In-service master's degree
Master's degree ceremony An on-the-job master's degree means that someone who has already worked has been admitted to a master's degree, but he doesn't have to quit his job. Tuition is paid by the unit and will return to the original unit after graduation. It is a kind of non-academic education. After the applicant obtains the degree, it only shows that he has reached the academic level of the master's degree and has the same academic ability as the master's degree. This ability is the "power" of learning ability, so it does not involve academic qualifications. Therefore, the applicant's academic qualifications have not changed, and he can't get a master's degree certificate, but he can get a master's degree certificate!
Equal education
According to the provisions of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People's Republic of China (PRC), those who have the same academic qualifications for graduate students can apply for an in-service master's degree to the degree-granting unit in accordance with the requirements and methods of the Provisions of the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee on Granting Master's and Doctor's Degrees to Graduate Students with the same academic qualifications. Granting master's degrees to people with the same academic qualifications is a channel opened by the state for people with the same academic qualifications to obtain degrees, which can play a positive role in improving the professional quality of on-the-job personnel and the construction of cadres. Applicants who have passed all the examinations organized by the degree-granting units and the state, and passed the defense of their dissertations and reached the academic level of master's degree after examination can obtain a master's degree. Students who have obtained a bachelor's degree from a part-time university for more than three years can apply for a master's degree by attending postgraduate courses.
Acquisition condition
Generally speaking, Shen Shuo with the same academic level generally needs to meet five conditions:
-The applicant obtained a bachelor's degree.
-passing the qualification examination of the degree-granting unit.
-General schools arrange 14- 18 courses after passing the course examination organized by the degree-granting unit, and each course is completed with credits and passed the examination, and a certificate of completion is obtained.
—— Pass the national unified examination of foreign language proficiency and comprehensive level of disciplines for graduate students with equivalent academic qualifications held in May each year; The applicant must pass all the course examinations of the degree-granting unit and the grade examinations organized by the state within 4 years from the date of passing the qualification examination. Otherwise, the application is invalid.
-Complete the dissertation within one year after passing all the exams, and the thesis defense fails. This application is invalid. However, if the thesis defense committee suggests that the thesis be revised and then re-defended, it can be re-defended once within six months to one year. If the defense is still not passed or the applicant fails to apply within the time limit, the application is invalid. In addition, academic papers should be published in nationally numbered magazines.
Examination scope
In May, applying for a master's degree with equivalent academic qualifications is an important way for on-the-job personnel to obtain a master's degree. 20 12 the policy of applying for postgraduate with equivalent academic qualifications has been changed, and the examination period has been relaxed, providing more opportunities for candidates. Today, the on-the-job postgraduate enrollment information network focuses on the equivalent educational level of 20 12 on-the-job postgraduate students, hoping to help you.
The main languages of the national unified foreign language proficiency test are: English, Russian, French, German and Japanese.
Those who apply for a master's degree with the same academic level must take the foreign language proficiency test, and the language of the test must be the same as that stipulated in the full-time postgraduate training plan of the corresponding discipline of the degree-granting unit that accepts their master's degree application.
To apply for a foreign language master's degree with the same academic level, you must take the foreign language proficiency test. For those who are equivalent to foreign language majors when obtaining a bachelor's degree, the language used in the foreign language proficiency test must be the same as the second foreign language stipulated in the corresponding full-time foreign language professional postgraduate training plan of the degree-granting unit that accepts their master's degree application.
On the premise of meeting the above requirements, if there are candidates who apply for other languages, the provinces will submit the list of candidates and the languages they apply for to the Center for Degree and Postgraduate Education Development of the Ministry of Education (hereinafter referred to as the Center), and the examination methods will be notified separately.
The national unified foreign language proficiency test does not include the listening test, which is organized by the degree-granting units.
The scope of the comprehensive level examination of two subjects:
The comprehensive level examination subjects include philosophy, economics (including theoretical economics and applied economics), law, politics, sociology, education, psychology, China language and literature, journalism and communication, biology, history, geography, mechanical engineering, power engineering and engineering thermophysics, electrical engineering, electronic science and technology, information and communication engineering, control science and engineering, computer science and technology, architecture, crop science and technology. Those who apply for master's degrees in these disciplines with the same academic qualifications must not only pass the course examinations (including foreign languages) prescribed by the degree-granting unit according to the postgraduate training plan, but also participate in the national unified foreign language proficiency examination and the comprehensive level examination of the corresponding disciplines, and all of them reach the qualified scores before they can apply for master's degree thesis defense.
doctor's degree
Doctor's degree is an academic title that indicates that the education level and academic level of the grantee have reached the prescribed standards. Among bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctor's degree, doctor's degree is the highest level. China's doctorate was awarded by universities and scientific research institutions awarded by the State Council. Postgraduates in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, or persons with the same academic ability as postgraduates, may be awarded doctoral degrees after passing the course examination and thesis defense for doctoral degrees and reaching the prescribed academic level.
Application conditions
The conditions for applying for a doctorate with the same academic qualifications shall be promulgated and implemented by People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Education.
general rule
Anyone who supports the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC), abides by laws and regulations, has good conduct, has made achievements in teaching, scientific research, professional technology and management, has the same academic ability as graduate students, and the academic level or professional technical level reaches the standard for degree conferring (hereinafter referred to as the equivalent academic personnel) may apply for a doctorate from the relevant degree conferring units in accordance with these Provisions. With the approval of the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee, a unit that has the right to confer doctorates on people with the same academic qualifications may confer doctorates on people with the same academic qualifications in disciplines and majors that have already been awarded postgraduate degrees. Degree awarding standards at all levels shall be implemented in accordance with the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Interim Measures for the Implementation of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People's Republic of China (PRC).
Professional title examination
(a) the applicant must have obtained a master's degree and worked for more than five years after obtaining the master's degree.
(2) Applicants should make outstanding achievements in teaching, scientific research, professional technology and other fields, independently publish high-level academic papers or monographs in the subject areas for which they apply for degrees, and their scientific research achievements will be awarded at or above the national level.
(3) Persons with the same academic qualifications who have the basic conditions for applying for a doctoral degree shall submit the following materials to the degree-conferring unit within the time limit prescribed by the degree-conferring unit:
1. Master's degree certificate;
2. Final academic certificate;
3. Prepare dissertations for applying for doctoral degrees;
4. Proof materials of published academic papers, published monographs and scientific research achievement awards;
5. The applicant's unit introduces the applicant's resume, ideological and political performance, work achievements, scientific research achievements, professional ability, theoretical basis, professional knowledge and foreign language level to the degree-granting unit (seal);
6. Letter of recommendation (seal) from two professors or experts with the same professional and technical positions, including at least one doctoral supervisor.
The degree-conferring unit shall organize an expert group to examine the qualifications of the applicant within the prescribed time limit. An applicant who is recognized as having the qualification to apply for the examination shall be recognized as having the same academic qualifications in accordance with the requirements of Article 10 of these Provisions.
Level determination
The degree-conferring unit determines whether the applicant has the equivalent academic ability of doctoral graduation from the following three aspects.
(1) Appraisal of the applicant's achievements in teaching, scientific research and professional technology.
(two) to identify the professional theoretical basis, knowledge structure and level of the applicant.
The administrative department of degree and postgraduate education of the degree-granting unit shall deal with the applicants who have passed the qualification examination and organize the examination according to the courses stipulated in the doctoral training plan. From the date of passing the qualification examination, I have completed all the course examinations within one year with qualified results. If you fail the course exam, this application is invalid. For those who have important works, inventions, discoveries or developments in science or special technology, with the recommendation of relevant experts and the consent of the degree-granting unit, they may be exempted from part or all of the course examinations and directly apply for doctoral thesis defense.
(3) Identification of the level of dissertations.
The defense of doctoral thesis should be completed within one year after the applicant has passed all the course examinations. The degree-conferring unit shall designate a doctoral tutor to give necessary guidance to the applicant's thesis.
1, paper requirements and scientific research work.
(1) The doctoral thesis submitted by the applicant should be the result of my own work practice, which shows that the author has the ability to engage in scientific research independently and has achieved creative results in science or special technology.
(2) Papers, works, inventions and discoveries, etc. The part completed by the applicant in cooperation with others, which is really completed by me independently, can be arranged by me to apply for a degree thesis, with written opinions signed by the host of the work, certification materials of other authors who jointly published the papers and works, papers and works completed by cooperation, etc.
(3) The paper should be written in Chinese, with Chinese and foreign abstracts attached.
(4) The applicant must go to the degree-granting unit and participate in scientific research related to the thesis for a period of not less than three months under the guidance of the doctoral tutor designated by the unit. Applicants should report their thesis work at the authorized point of the degree-granting unit in the corresponding discipline and accept inquiries.
2. Summary of the paper.
(1) paper reviewer: the degree-conferring unit shall employ at least 5 professors or experts with the same professional and technical positions as paper reviewers, including at least 3 experts from the degree-conferring unit and the applicant's unit. Thesis reviewers should be experts with strong sense of responsibility, decent style of study, profound academic attainments in corresponding disciplines and outstanding scientific research achievements. Applicants' tutors and referees cannot be employed as reviewers of papers.
The name of the reviewer of the dissertation shall not be informed to the applicant, and the review opinions shall be transmitted in a sealed manner.
(2) Thesis review: Thesis reviewers should carefully review whether the thesis has reached the doctoral degree level according to the requirements of the thesis, and put forward review opinions and revision opinions on the thesis.
3. thesis defense.
(1) Composition of the thesis defense committee: The thesis defense committee consists of no less than 7 experts with senior professional and technical positions, including at least 4 doctoral supervisors and 2 experts outside the degree-granting unit and the applicant's unit. Applicants' referees and tutors cannot be employed as members of the thesis defense Committee. The composition of the thesis defense committee shall be approved by the degree-granting unit academic degree evaluation committee.
The relevant administrative department of the degree-conferring unit shall submit the thesis to the members of the thesis defense committee one month before the thesis defense date.
(2) Thesis defense: According to the defense situation, the Thesis Defense Committee makes a decision on whether to recommend granting a doctorate. The resolution shall be adopted by secret ballot, with the consent of more than two thirds of all members. After the resolution is signed by the chairman of the thesis defense Committee, it is submitted to the degree evaluation Subcommittee. The thesis defense should be recorded in detail. Thesis defense should be held in public.
(3) The thesis defense failed, and this application is invalid. If the thesis defense fails, but the thesis defense committee suggests that the thesis be revised before defense, it can be defended again within six months to two years; If the defense is still not passed or the applicant fails to apply within the time limit, the application is invalid.
organizational management
Academic degree evaluation committee, a degree-granting unit, should strictly implement the examination and approval procedures and conscientiously perform its duties when approving the granting of master's and doctor's degrees to persons with equivalent academic qualifications. Academic degree evaluation committee office or the corresponding institution is responsible for organizing the qualification examination, course examination, thesis review and thesis defense of the applicant. Should be equipped with full-time personnel to deal with daily work.
The degree-conferring unit shall accept the funds required by the personnel with the same academic qualifications to apply for a degree, and the degree-conferring unit shall make reasonable provisions with reference to the relevant funding standards for graduate students.
According to the provisions of Article 24 of the Interim Measures for the Implementation of the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People's Republic of China (PRC), after passing the qualification examination, applicants can enjoy a vacation of no more than two months for preparing for the degree course examination or thesis defense.
The unit where the doctoral degree applicant works shall allow the applicant to participate in scientific research related to the thesis in the degree-conferring unit for not less than three months. The degree-conferring unit shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee, issue degree certificates to persons with the same academic qualifications and submit dissertations to the relevant units. The degree certificate needs to be numbered separately.
quality monitoring
The degree-conferring unit shall establish and improve the quality assurance and supervision system, and conduct self-examination and evaluation on the degree-conferring work of personnel with the same academic qualifications. The higher authorities of the provincial degree committees and degree-conferring units should strengthen their leadership in this work and inspect and supervise the quality of the degrees awarded by degree-conferring units to people with the same academic qualifications. The State Council Academic Degrees Committee Office organizes and implements the inspection and evaluation of the quality of degree conferring with equivalent academic qualifications. In violation of these provisions, the degree-conferring units that cannot guarantee the quality of degree conferring shall be decided by the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee to make corrections within a time limit, suspend or stop conferring master's and doctoral degrees with the same academic qualifications as graduate students.
Degree conferring
The applicant passed the appraisal of equivalent academic qualifications, was examined by the degree evaluation sub-committee of the degree-conferring unit, reported to academic degree evaluation committee for approval, and made a decision to confer a doctorate; The name of the degree conferer and the title of his doctoral thesis shall be announced to the society or the applicant's unit in time, and a degree certificate shall be issued after a three-month dispute period.
Applicants may not apply to more than two degree-granting units at the same time.
There is no necessary connection between a bachelor's degree and a master's degree.
Many people with college degrees or without a bachelor's degree.
Or admitted to graduate school without a bachelor's degree certificate-
As long as you work hard
There is no big problem in getting a master's degree.
The difference between a master's degree and a doctor's degree in America is not necessarily the same. Most doctoral programs only require applicants to have a bachelor's degree. Most doctors in the United States are direct doctoral programs, and they can study for doctoral degrees directly after graduation, usually for five years. It's not that American universities don't recognize China's master's degree, but because American doctors are mostly direct doctoral programs, even if applicants have a master's degree, they still have to start with a master's degree like undergraduate graduates, so there will be a saying that China's master's degree is not recognized.
Of course, the doctoral degree is higher or the master's degree is higher. Master and doctor are both graduate students. Only with the master's qualifications can you apply for a doctor, so the doctor is naturally higher than the master's.
Master's degree? Or Dr. Gao? College students-graduate students-master-doctor-postdoctoral students
Of course, a doctorate is higher than a postgraduate degree.