Title: Developing low-carbon economy and realizing sustainable urban development. In today's world, globalization is an irreversible trend, and the rapid development of information and communication technology is narrowing the distance between regions and political boundaries. The positive aspect of this trend is that, driven by global economic and cultural exchanges, it has brought more goods and services to people and brought new opportunities to people on earth, but we should also see the negative impact of this globalization trend. Conflicts caused by climate change, biodiversity loss, ozone depletion, pollution, water depletion and competition for public resources are the most urgent problems facing mankind. To solve these problems, the only choice is to take the road of sustainable development, namely the road of low-carbon economy. According to Scientific Outlook on Development, China is building an ecological civilization and harmonious society, taking the road of sustainable development, and has made gratifying achievements in economic development and environmental protection. But we should also be soberly aware that the environmental situation in China is still quite grim. Cities are the center of human economic activities and the heart of social development. The total number of cities in China has reached 66 1, with an urban population of 540 million. According to experts' prediction, by 2020, the urbanization rate of China will reach 58% ~ 60%, and during this period, the urban population of China will reach 800 ~ 900 million. The environmental conditions of cities are related to the welfare and health of most people in our country. At present, the urban environmental problems in China are quite serious. Nationwide, the environmental protection objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan have not been fully realized. The emission of sulfur dioxide increased by 27.8% compared with 2000, and the chemical oxygen demand only decreased by 2. 1%, which failed to achieve the goal of reducing 10%. The discharge of major pollutants far exceeds the environmental capacity, and the environmental pollution is serious. Environmental problems such as water pollution, air pollution and solid waste pollution have not been controlled and are still developing further. These environmental problems have seriously affected the realization of China's economic development goals and the improvement of people's health and living standards. Low-carbon economy is an economy that minimizes the consumption of high-carbon energy such as coal and oil, that is, an economy based on low energy consumption and low pollution. To solve urban environmental problems, we must take the road of sustainable development. Sustainable development is a development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet needs. In other words, in the process of development, to protect the environment and natural resources, not only our generation has a good environment and sufficient resources to develop, but also future generations have the same beautiful environment and sufficient resources to develop. Low-carbon economy is the only way to realize the sustainable development of cities. Under the background of coping with global climate change, low-carbon economy and low-carbon technology are increasingly concerned by countries all over the world. To build a low-carbon city, the following policies and measures must be implemented. Low-carbon technology involves electric power, transportation, construction, metallurgy, chemical industry, petrochemical and other departments, as well as new technologies developed in the fields of renewable energy and new energy, clean and efficient utilization of coal, exploration and development of oil and gas resources and coalbed methane, and carbon dioxide capture and storage, so as to effectively control greenhouse gas emissions. Low-carbon production: implementing sustainable production mode Low-carbon production is a sustainable production mode. To realize low-carbon production, we must implement circular economy and clean production. Circular economy is an economic development model that is in harmony with the environment. It requires organizing economic activities into a feedback process of "resources-products-renewable resources", which is characterized by low exploitation, high utilization and low emission. All materials and energy are continuously circulated in the whole process of economic and social activities, and are reasonably and permanently utilized to minimize the impact of economic activities on the environment. Cleaner production refers to the whole process of resource exploitation, product production, product use and waste treatment, which maximizes the utilization rate of resources and energy and reduces its consumption and the generation of pollutants. Circular economy and cleaner production have the same purpose, both of which are to minimize the use of high-carbon energy and the emission of carbon dioxide. The most important operation mode is "reduction, reuse and recycling". The difference between them lies in the different categories, that is, the former is an economic model, including production and consumption, while the latter is only a production model and a part of circular economy. China has carried out circular economy and clean production in many industries such as electric power, steel, chemical industry and light industry. It is necessary to improve the relevant laws and regulations on the development of circular economy and formulate and implement economic policies conducive to the development of circular economy; Improve the evaluation index system, establish a technical system to promote the development of circular economy, promote the pilot work of circular economy in key industries, industrial parks and provinces and cities, popularize advanced and applicable technologies and typical experiences of circular economy, and build pilot demonstration projects of circular economy. Develop a low-carbon economy according to the principles of low input, low consumption, high output, high efficiency, low emission, recycling and sustainability. Energy-saving, water-saving and land-saving are organically combined with reducing the total amount of pollutants, and are planned as a whole and implemented simultaneously. Vigorously develop renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy; Actively develop nuclear power on the premise of adopting the safest and most advanced technology; On the basis of protecting the ecological environment, develop hydropower in an orderly manner, mainly small hydropower; Vigorously promote clean coal technology. Promote a low-carbon energy structure. We should give full play to the role of China National Cleaner Production Center. The Center is a research and consulting entity for promoting cleaner production in China, and a technical leading institution for introducing and popularizing the national cleaner production strategy. It was established in February this year with the approval of the State Environmental Protection Bureau. The National Cleaner Production Center focuses on the frontier theories and applied theories and technical methods in the fields of cleaner production, eco-industry and circular economy, the introduction, development and popularization of cleaner production technology, and the training of cleaner production auditors in enterprises. Low-carbon consumption: To implement the sustainable consumption mode, we should advocate the sustainable consumption mode. At present, 20% of the world's population in developed countries consumes 50% of the world's energy, while 1 300 million people in the world live on less than1USD and1000 million people do not have safe drinking water. The per capita carbon dioxide emission of the United States is five times that of China. According to the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities", developed countries bear the main responsibility for global environmental problems. They should take the lead in implementing low-carbon consumption patterns and take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, while eliminating poverty and developing economy, developing countries should also implement low-carbon consumption, a sustainable consumption pattern. China may become the largest emitter of carbon dioxide in the world in the future. We should do our best to implement low-carbon production and low-carbon consumption at the same time, and make contributions to the protection of the world climate and the global environment. With the development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the phenomenon of excessive consumption is becoming more and more serious. According to the statistics at the end of April 2007, there were 1.878 million private cars in Beijing. Tepfer, former executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme, said that if China's per capita car ownership reached the level of the United States, the world would be plunged into environmental disaster. I don't think this is sensational. China is short of water resources, but the phenomenon of wasting water is very serious, such as watering green land with ordinary tap water and building hot springs, soup springs and water cities everywhere; A large number of leftovers in restaurants are discarded; All kinds of decorative lights and neon lights in the city are bright all night. It's time for low-carbon consumption. Low-carbon consumption should start from our daily life. Recently, the British Embassy in China, together with Beijing Youth Daily and Sohu.com, launched an environmental protection activity of "Experiencing small changes and continuing a better life" among the public in China. The activity put forward 10 green lifestyles, called on the public to participate in the experience of these lifestyles, and opened an experience blog on Beiqing. The recommended green lifestyle includes not using plastic bags as much as possible, being a recycling expert, calculating carbon emissions before shopping, advocating multi-use of water, turning off electrical appliances, rejecting disposable goods, and not driving when unnecessary. Some things seem small, but if everyone does this, it will be of great significance. For example, the standby problem of electrical equipment, the power consumption of electrical equipment in standby state is generally about 10% of its power consumption in boot state. The standby energy consumption of TV, air conditioner, computer, water dispenser, electric water heater and other common household appliances in an average family adds up, which is equivalent to turning on a 30-60 watt ever-burning lamp. General standby 1 ~ 3 days is about 16 hours, which wastes 1 kWh, and the average household pays more1kWh. When the electrical appliances are turned off and not plugged in, the annual standby power consumption in China is as high as 654.38+0.8 billion kWh, which is equivalent to the annual power generation of three Daya Bay nuclear power plants. For another example, under the same conditions, the luminous efficiency of energy-saving lamps is about 3.5 ~ 4 times that of ordinary incandescent lamps. If every family uses energy-saving lamps, it can save a lot of electricity. Let's start from ourselves and our daily life, save the use of carbon-containing products, implement sustainable consumption patterns, and make contributions to the realization of low-carbon economy and the construction of low-carbon cities. To control the development speed of high-carbon industries and improve the quality of development, China's environmental problems are largely caused by the unreasonable economic structure. The rapid overheating development of steel, nonferrous metals, building materials, chemicals, electric power, light industry and other industries has caused serious environmental pollution. In these industries, there are many enterprises with outdated equipment, backward technology and serious pollution; Many new projects, pollution control equipment is put there after completion, and only used when environmental protection supervisors go to check; Because China's emission standards are generally lower than those of advanced countries, even enterprises that meet the standards have discharged a lot of pollutants; Due to the low industrial energy efficiency in China, the emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants is very serious. From 2003 to 2006, China's GDP increased by 10.4% every year. The average GDP of more than 200 prefecture-level cities in China is 17%, and some of them have reached more than 30%. To a great extent, this growth is at the expense of China's environment and resources. To reverse the worsening trend of environmental situation in China, we must slow down the development speed, that is, slow down the development speed of high-carbon industries and improve the development quality. It is necessary to speed up the adjustment of economic structure and intensify the elimination of polluting processes, equipment and enterprises; Improve the emission standards of various enterprises; Improve the access conditions of steel, nonferrous metals, building materials, chemicals, electric power and light industry, and new projects must meet the access conditions and emission standards stipulated by the state; Formulate necessary economic policies and punishment measures. The pollution charge system should be improved, and this measure will be effective only if the fine exceeds the cost of taking preventive measures. In 2007, the State Environmental Protection Administration launched the "regional approval restriction" measure for the first time, and implemented "approval restriction" for four administrative regions and four power groups. The so-called "regional approval restriction" means that an enterprise or region violates the environmental impact assessment law, and the environmental protection department has the right to suspend the approval of all new projects of the enterprise or region until the enterprise or region completes rectification. This is a new creation and an effective measure to control environmental pollution. However, in order to fundamentally change the environmental situation in China, we must expand the scope of this measure, that is, stop approving new projects that increase pollution emissions in areas without environmental capacity, including pollution projects that can meet emission standards, until this area has environmental capacity. If these measures slow down the development of DGP, so be it. The Sustainable Development Strategy Report of China in 2006, published by Chinese Academy of Sciences, selects the consumption of primary energy, fresh water, cement, steel and common non-ferrous metals to calculate the saving coefficient, and ranks the resource performance levels of 59 major countries in the world. The results show that Denmark is the country with the best resource performance, while China ranks only 54th, ranking among the countries with the worst resource performance. In this situation, reducing the consumption of energy resources per unit of GDP, saving energy and reducing consumption, and alleviating the increasingly prominent contradiction between China's current economic development and resource and environmental constraints have become major and urgent tasks facing China's current economic development. Our government has set the goal of reducing energy consumption per unit GDP by 20% from 2006 to 20 10. We must work hard to ensure the realization of this target. In the process of adjusting the economic structure, we should make necessary adjustments to China's current export-oriented economic development strategy. At present, China exports a large number of products produced under the high-carbon economic model every year, such as tens of millions of tons of steel. In the process of producing these products, a lot of resources and energy are consumed and a lot of pollution is produced. According to statistics, about 23% of pollution in China is produced in the production process of export products. Products are sold to foreigners, and pollution and environmental damage are left to ourselves. This is not a low-carbon economy, let alone a sustainable development model. It is necessary to adjust China's export-oriented economic development strategy, restrict the export of products produced under the high-carbon economic model, and vigorously develop the export of low-carbon products. A low-carbon city is to implement a low-carbon economy, including low-carbon production and low-carbon consumption, build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, and build a benign and sustainable energy ecosystem. Urban low-carbon economy can be realized by improving energy efficiency, saving energy, developing and utilizing renewable energy, reducing coal use, increasing natural gas use and developing and utilizing new energy sources such as hydrogen energy. Vigorously carry out international cooperation and introduce low-carbon technologies. There are many mature low-carbon technologies in the world. While working hard to develop and apply our own low-carbon technology, we should vigorously introduce foreign advanced technology. The United Nations Climate Change Conference held recently in Bali, Indonesia adopted the so-called Bali Road Map, which includes a strategic plan to accelerate the transfer of technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation to developing countries. We should make full use of this mechanism, such as the clean development mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol, introduce capital and advanced low-carbon technology, promote the development of low-carbon economy and the construction of low-carbon cities in China, promote China's efforts to cope with climate change, slow down the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, and achieve a balance between economic development and climate change.