[Abstract]: China's ancient poems are closely linked with "emotional hair". And "emotional hair" mostly depends on some external things. This paper discusses the Dongfeng complex permeated in poetry. Reveal the extensive social and cultural roots of poetry.
[Keywords:] poetry Dongfeng complex social and cultural roots
"Wen Xin Diao Long Search" said: "Give the New Year to spring, and you will be happy; Xia Meng, Yu Tao's heart is cohesive; The sky is high and clear, aiming at the distance; The snow is boundless, and I am deeply worried. There are things in the age, and there are things in it. Love moves with things and words are sent with feelings. " Poetry originates from existence. Stepping into the world of China's ancient literature, people do not directly express their feelings about the preciousness of life, the rarity of love and the importance of status in colorful and vivid works, but often express them with the help of some foreign objects, such as phoenix tree, cuckoo, crane, bamboo and mulberry; Heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, lightning, wind and rain, etc. Numerous natural scenery and winds are also quite common in poetry. Here, the author will talk about the Dongfeng complex in ancient poetry.
The so-called east wind is the spring breeze. The so-called Complexity, called complex in English, is the inner emotional entanglement, or the deep feelings. Complexity means the blockage of the mind. In order to clear this obstacle, we must take some measures. What I am talking about here is that ancient poets resolved their emotional entanglements through the natural phenomenon of "East Wind", or expressed some emotions in their hearts through "East Wind".
Zanchun
"Shi Mao Justice" said: "When people meet Chunxuan, they are four-body Shu Tai." Spring is coming, everything is reviving, and a hundred flowers are blooming; Spring breeze is everywhere, and the river is full of spring. In ancient culture, just as autumn is associated with sadness, and spring is associated with joy and joy, people will naturally "praise spring". In spring and March, the spring breeze is rippling, so it is natural to describe it as spring breeze (east wind). How many ancient people praised spring!
Su Wu has a poem "Haitang": "The east wind is full of glory, and the fragrant fog turns to the corridor. I'm afraid the flowers will fall asleep at night, so I light candles and put on red makeup. " The "Haitang Spring House" in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden has added some charm with the blooming of Haitang. Su Shi used the word "east wind" to describe the femininity of the "corridor" in the moonlight. "Thousands of trees bloom in the oriental night, and the stars are like rain." The poem describes the natural wonders of chilly spring, which is also the spirit of "East Wind".
Yu Siliang wrote in the poem Xiao Chun in Hengxitang in the Southern Song Dynasty: "A young plant is riding on a green hand, and it is misty and rainy. The east wind dyes 3,000 hectares, and egrets come and go without stopping. "It depicts the green in the poet's eyes. There is not a word "green" in the whole poem, but what appears in front of us is a green with abundant business, a picture of spring in which man and nature blend harmoniously. The poet is willing to enjoy the eternal green with his friends. It is with the help of the word "east wind" that people feel that the spring breeze is green everywhere.
Xichun
Spring is associated with happiness, but in the concrete expression of subjective feelings, spring often becomes the object of people's expression of sadness and resentment. Try the word "Hairpin Phoenix" written by Lu You;
Red crisp hands, yellow wine, mancheng spring willow. Dong Feng Xie, who is in a bad mood, has been very depressed in recent years. No, no, no! Spring is the same, people are empty, and tears are red and sad. Peach blossom falls, idle pool pavilion, although the mountain alliance is there, it is difficult to hold books. Mo, Mo, Mo!
Lu Fangweng's poems are frank and direct, and this one is no exception. Ten years after Lu You and his cousin Tang Wan were forced to separate, they met unexpectedly in Shen Yuan. The spring scenery in the city reflects the willows on the palace wall. Spring scenery remains the same, but lovers are forced to separate. This feeling, "Weng feels melancholy for a long time, for the word" Hairpin Phoenix ",the title of the garden wall ("Returning to the Heart and Miscellaneous Knowledge "was carefully written by poets in the late Southern Song Dynasty)." The beautiful scenery, lovers have separated, so the author said "east wind evil", spring breeze blows off spring flowers. Li Houzhu's words say: "There is cold rain in the morning and evening, and there is wind at night, which is helpless." Spring Breeze and Spring Rain represent destruction. The destruction of flowers by wind and rain also symbolizes many unfortunate destruction of life, from the spring of nature to the world. The same is true of Lu Fangweng's first poem, which changed from the "east wind evil" in Shangque to the "love thin" in Xiaque, that is, from nature to the world. Lu you will be filled with disappointment and regard the east wind as hateful. In fact, the author expressed his strong protest against the feudal system that destroyed a happy marriage by the east wind.
"The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo": "Confucius said: Poetry can be resentful." A charming untitled love poem by Li Shangyin, a poet with high artistic achievements in the late Tang Dynasty, fully reveals this point: "It was a long time before I met her, but it was even longer after we broke up, and the east wind rose and a hundred flowers blossomed. Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night. "
This poem is saturated with longing for love, happiness and freedom, but it also reveals strong pessimism. The phrase "the east wind is weak" puts people in a painful and beautiful state of "leisure and sorrow". How can "flowers bloom like water" and the east wind is strong? When the east wind is exhausted, a hundred flowers blossom and young flowers die together. If flowers are solid, people are also solid. What this sentence sings is not the shallow meaning of bidding farewell to the Spring Festival Gala, but the deep regret of life experience and fate.
Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "women are good in spring". For example, in the West Chamber, there is a saying that "out of the water is red, there are many kinds of worries, and Dongfeng is speechless", which makes Dongfeng very annoyed. There is nothing to worry about in your spare time. How much leisure do you have? There are ten thousand unspeakable troubles. And the result? Complaining about others all day, when there is nothing to complain about, complaining about the east wind has no language, because the east wind blows down the flowers, which actually expresses a kind of depression.
In addition, there are many people who express their lovesickness by the east wind. Cui Hu's Peach Blossom in the Tang Dynasty is also a well-known poem: "Today last year, peach blossoms set each other off. People don't know where to go, but peach blossoms still laugh at the east wind. " The poet skillfully expressed his thoughts on women by the east wind. Guan Hanqing, a master of Yuan Zaju, wrote a poem "Drunk in the East Wind": "The moon is short of flowers and flies, and it is fleeting. Holding the farewell cup with tears in my eyes. It's just that you will take care of yourself and have a good rest. It's too painful for people to give up, so that those who leave can look forward to the future of Wan Li. " There is an old saying that "don't be easy, it will be difficult", but it is difficult to meet each other and it is even harder to leave. I don't hate sadness, it's really touching. Full of attachment, indulging in the east wind.
The pain of national subjugation caused by the broken mountains and rivers and the personal sorrow caused by the unsatisfactory official career often make ancient lyric poems full of tragic notes. Deng Shan, a good friend of Wen Tianxiang, wrote in The Moon on the Yangtze River: "The water and the sky are boundless, and I hate that Dongfeng doesn't know anything about the world. I can't bear to see this broken city in the residual photos of Wuhua, a bird in Shu! Bronze sparrow Chun Qing, golden autumn tears, who hates this snow? Open and firm, bullfighting recognizes Qi Jie. " This word mainly expresses the pain of national subjugation and laments the feelings of Jinling mountains and rivers. Du Mu's "Red Cliff" says: "If you break the halberd and sink the sand and iron, it will be washed and recognized by the previous dynasty. Dongfeng does not follow Zhou Lang, and Tongquetai locks Er Qiao in spring. " The "east wind" here is not the "spring breeze", but the wind from the east. In those days, without the east wind of Battle of Red Cliffs, it was impossible for Zhou Lang to defeat the enemies whose numbers far exceeded its own. So now, why can't a hero like Wen Tianxiang keep the enemy at home? The reason is that "Dongfeng" is unfair and has no pity for him, which is disgusting. Chen is an outstanding poet at the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties. He wrote a famous poem "Peony", which is meaningful: "Once entering the Han Pass, Ilo has a long way to go in ten years. Longdongke by Qingdun Creek, watching Dongfeng Peony independently. The "independent east wind" in the poem has endless implications. It not only contains the memories of the past and the predictions and expectations of the future, but also can be said to be the legacy of the country's demise. In Wang Anshi's "Apricot Blossoms in the Northland", the sentence "It is better to be blown into snow by the east wind than crushed into ashes by foreigners" undoubtedly implies narcissism for his noble sentiments.
In contrast, Yu Meiren, the late ruler of Southern Tang Dynasty, expressed his dissatisfaction with Dongfeng to the extreme. "When is the moon in spring? What do you know about the past! The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the bright moon. The jade carving should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed it. How much sadness can you have? Just like a river flowing eastward. "
"The small building was easterly again last night", so I shrank my pen and swallowed. It shows that spring is coming again. How can this not further touch the poet's memories of the good past? But when he thought of his lost motherland, he was infinitely sad. Coupled with the bright moon in the sky, it adds a sense of sadness. Li Bai said: "Looking up, I found that it was moonlight, and then sinking, I suddenly remembered home." At this time, Li Yu's hometown and old country were overwhelmed. When spring flowers and autumn moons are endless, life is gone forever, and there are few flowers and few months. How can you not hate these thoughts, and how can you not blame them? Sorrow "is like a river flowing eastward." The word "Dongfeng" once again expresses the sadness that cannot be let go.
Wu Chun
Nature is like an eternal coordinate. Every year, there is a spring breeze for passers-by in a hurry. Spring breeze is sometimes used to indicate the passage of time. Confucius said: "The deceased is like a husband, staying up all night." This can best express people's feelings about the passage of time. How much do you know about Dongfeng in the Qing Ci "Going Out to See Peach Blossoms"? At the end of March in the imperial city, all ideas were deleted. "When the poet saw" a peach tree smiling at people alone "outside the customs, he couldn't help feeling that the spring scenery in Beijing was dusk and suddenly cherished the meaning of spring. Here, the author regards Dongfeng as his confidant and expresses his love for spring. Su Shi also wrote a poem, "Dongfeng refused to enter the East Gate, and still looked for the old village. People are like Qiu Hong, and things are like spring dreams. Jiangcheng three cups of white wine, wild old pale face a warm smile. I make an appointment with this meeting every year, so I don't need to be inspired. "Poetry is permeated with an open mind about the short life and personnel gains and losses. As long as you are alive, you can relax your mind, live a normal and natural life, and put aside your distractions and worries. This is a life adapted to the situation.
Zhu, a Neo-Confucianist in the Northern Song Dynasty, is unique in reasoning poems. In addition to the well-known "understanding from reading", "Spring Day" not only shows us the beauty of spring, but also guides us to understand philosophy from ordinary natural scenes. "Looking for Surabaya waterfront in the old days, the boundless scene is new. Waiting for the east wind, colorful is always spring. " The east wind is rippling, and the colorful scene in front of us is composed of spring breeze. The east wind blows brightly, and the poet knows the east wind from the profusion; It is flowers that bring vitality to spring, so the poet feels the breath of spring from all kinds of colors. When Hui Weng wrote this poem, his meaning was never in spring. In the poem, "Surabaya" implied the door of Confucius. The so-called "seeking incense" is the way to seek saints. Hui Weng is a metaphor for people. Benevolence is the basis of sex, and the appearance of benevolence is quotient. Therefore, the business of all things is the most impressive. There are businesses everywhere, just like colorful ones, and the touch of spring is everywhere.
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Man and nature are interlinked. People's east wind complex is not accidental. Scholars' longing for, staying in and complaining about spring are closely related to the social background at that time. "Preface to Mao Poetry" says: "Poets are also aspiring. Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem. Emotions move in the middle and are formed in words. " Shang Xiaoshu said: "Poetry expresses ambition, and songs always say." Words come from the heart. In most ancient poems, chanting things is for feelings. In essence, the "east wind" here is not a natural thing, but a humanized nature and the counterpart of human feelings. As the old saying goes, "Emotion moves in China, and form is in words". Lu Ji in the Jin Dynasty wrote "Wen Fu": "Sad leaves fall in the golden autumn, while happy leaves fall in the fragrant spring". Zhong Rong's "Poetry" is orderly in front, saying: "Animals with breath are touching, so they are full of temperament and dance in various forms." The so-called "touching things" is the phenomenon that "things" fall with flowers and touch people's hearts. "Dancing in all shapes", so it is manifested in singing and dancing and poetry. Therefore, people move and things are smooth.
Zhong Rong's poem says: "If it is spring breeze, birds in spring, autumn moon in Qiu Chan, summer rain in Xia Yun and Leng Yue in winter, all poets will feel the four seasons. Jiahui will send poems to relatives and leave poems. " When "image" is transformed into "image", various complexes in people's minds are formed. From this point of view, in many poems, what people cherish, miss and complain about is not the east wind, not the spring, but the old man sighing about poverty and the loss of talent; I feel homesick and worried when I go to the countryside. This is the pain of national destruction and displacement; This is a kind of carefree feeling, which comes from the leisure time without worrying about food and clothing; It is the melancholy that time has gone forever; It's a sadness that I can't get rid of inside. All these melancholy feelings originated from the social life at that time, which contained profound cultural roots of the times. The "East Wind" complex conveys the broad social and cultural background of poetry.
note:
philology
Hu selected Selected Poems of Song Dynasty, 225 pages.
Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House's Dictionary of Tang and Song Poetry Appreciation and Dictionary of Tang Poetry Appreciation.
Jinjicang's Detailed Interpretation of Li Liyu's Qingzhao Ci
Introduction to Zhang China's Ancient Literary Masterpieces.
Lectures on Ye Jiaying's Classical Poetry
[Liang] Zhong Rong translated Xu Daquan's Poems.