1, Love Poem This is a poem with the theme of love (including mourning), also known as "love song" and "in my heart forever's poem". Since the Book of Songs, love poems have a long history, mainly describing the love and love life of men and women, or expressing the feelings of parting and lovesickness. For example, concurrent wars, Altair all the way, untitled (time was long before I met her, but it was Li Shangyin after we broke up), Queqiaoxian (Bo Yun clever) and so on.
2. Satire Poetry This is a kind of poem that exposes the darkness of society and the indifference of the world by mocking or persuading, and expresses the voice of the people or upright people. Also called "satire", sometimes called "political satire". Satire also has a long history, from the Book of Songs to modern times. Such as Shuo Shu, Fa Tan, Bee (Tang Luoyin), Lin 'an Mansion Title (Lin Sheng in Southern Song Dynasty), Drunken Taiping (an anonymous person who was greedy for small profits in Yuan Dynasty) and so on.
3. Philosophical Poetry This is a kind of poem that expresses or expounds a certain philosophy by describing and discussing specific things. Some point out the theme, while others contain it without revealing it, which makes people think deeply. Famous ones are Su Shi's Poems on Xilin Wall and Qin, and Zhu's Reading Experience. In addition, although some poems have no philosophy, they are also full of philosophy (for example, "There is no way to recover from doubts, and there is another village in the dark", "The green hills can't cover up, after all, they flow eastward" and so on. ).
4. Farewell Poems This is also one of the earliest and most common themes. It is mainly used to express feelings of parting, or to encourage and comfort, or to express deep affection and friendship, or to express sorrow of parting. Because farewell is often associated with climbing mountains and facing water, it is also called "farewell poem of mountains and rivers". Such as Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan (Wang Bo), Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou (Li Bai) and Don't Move Big.
5. Poems about travel are also called poems about travel and travel. Or describe personal experiences and feelings, or express homesickness, narration and lyricism. This kind of poem can not be separated from the description of landscape scenery, so it is also called "landscape poem", which is slightly different from pure landscape poem, and it is mainly based on "recalling lyric". For example, Du Fu's "Expressing My Mind at Night" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Qiu Si" are not landscape poems.
6. Frontier Poem This is a poem describing the frontier fortress scenery and reflecting the life of frontier fortress soldiers. Famous frontier poets in Tang Dynasty include Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan and Li Qi. Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing, Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Shuji's Home, Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci, Wang Changling's Embankment and Fan Zhongyan's Pride of Fishermen (Scenery under the Embankment) are all well-known masterpieces.
7. Poetry is a kind of poetry with the theme of reciting or commenting on historical stories and historical figures, which is used to express feelings and satirize current events. Generally, it is described first and then discussed; Others only describe the contrast without discussion, so that readers can think. Poems on historical themes are famous masterpieces in the early days, including "Poems on Histories" by Ban Gu in the Western Jin Dynasty and "Eight Poems on Histories" by Zuo Si. Since then, more epics have appeared, such as Zhang Jie's Burning Books to Bury Confucians, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng, Du Mu's Tiwujiang Pavilion (which Wang Anshi once used as a naysayer) and Wen's Jingwu Wenyuan, all of which are well-known masterpieces.
8. Poetry. This is a poem that expresses thoughts and feelings by praising natural or social things. Symbol comparison is its common method. This kind of poems appeared in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and there were more and more excellent works after the Tang Dynasty. For example, Wang Wei's Acacia (when those red plums come in spring), Li Bai's Egret, Du Fu's Returning to the Wild Goose, Lu You's Yongmei, Yu Qian's Poem of Lime, Wang Mian's Mo Mei, etc. are all famous works that express their feelings through natural things.
9. Poetry. This is a poem with the theme of reciting personal aspirations and reflecting or satirizing society. Bixing, symbolism and association are its main techniques. Poems chanting for the bosom also come from The Book of Songs, which is one of the most important poems in ancient times. For example, Involved in the River in Qu Yuan's Lisao, Into the Wine in it is hard to go by Li Bai, Youzhou Tower by Chen Ziang, Dingfengbo Hu Sha Lu Yu by Su Shi and Anger by Lu You are all touching masterpieces.
10, nostalgic poem. Memories and imagination generated by hanging on historic sites arouse feelings and express feelings and ambitions. This kind of poetry is nostalgic poetry. Ancient nostalgia poems can be classified into the category of nostalgia poems, but they have their own unique characteristics; Nostalgic poems are slightly different from epic poems. It is to express one's feelings by immersing oneself in the historic sites, and the epic can be written in the study without going to the historic sites. Poems about homesickness, such as Du Fu's Shu Xiang, Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane, Stone Town, Li Bai's Nanjing Ascending to the Phoenix Terrace, Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia, Xin Qiji's Yong Yu Le Jing Kou Ting Nostalgia, Zhang's Goat Tongguan Nostalgia, etc. , is very famous throughout the ages.
Landscape poems and pastoral poems are not introduced because readers are familiar with them. In addition, there are poems with paintings, poems with palace grievances and untitled poems. Because their themes are compatible with other themes, or are determined according to the content of the poem, I will not repeat them here. (Text/Giulio Givanni Carlo Taccon
From testing a poem to comparing two poems. Judging from the amount of questions, the two poems have obviously increased the reading volume; From the difficulty analysis, it also increases the difficulty of understanding. In 2000, people made a comparison between Zhao Shixiu's "Ke" and Wang Jia's "Yu Qing": both of them are four-line poems, both of which are poems about scenery. But one is the song dynasty, which tells the scene of early summer; One is a Tang poem, which describes the scene of spring. Although there is imagination at the end, the charm is different. In the spring examination in 2003, there were two four-character poems, which belonged to the comparison with the poem Huaqing Palace. Although the object is the same, the writing is different: one is Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, who satirizes the debauchery of Xuanzong and Yang Guifei by describing the delivery of litchi; One is Du Chang, a poet of the Song Dynasty, who expressed the author's sense of dynasty rise and fall by describing the bleak scenery of Huaqing Palace. In the spring exam in 2004, we compared two related poems, one is Wang Wei's Acacia, the title of which is Li Guinian on the River, and the other is Du Fu's Meeting Li Guinian on the River. It can be seen that both poems are related to Li Guinian, which reflects the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty through Li Guinian's life and fate. Although they are all lyric poems, one expresses friendship and the other expresses the thoughts of the old country. As can be seen from the above, the comparison between the two poems is generally related, similar and identical.
Skills of six commonly used questions in college entrance examination
Writing about scenery is one of the common contents in ancient poetry. By describing the scenery, the author can render the atmosphere, express emotions, deepen the center and promote the development of the plot. When we appreciate poetry, we should not only understand the literal meaning, improve our ideological quality and aesthetic feeling, but also pay attention to the poet's form and skills in writing landscapes in language. Descriptive techniques are mainly divided into positive description and side description. There are six common descriptive appreciation angles in the college entrance examination:
(1) Profile Description-Off
For example, Wang Mian's "Bridled Eyebrows" in the Yuan Dynasty: I am in a forest of ice and snow, and peaches and plums are mixed. Suddenly, the breeze rose overnight and dispersed into a dry spring in Wan Li.
This poem highlights the characteristics of plum blossom, such as cold tolerance, lofty and welcoming the spring. It mainly uses the methods of contrast and contrast. Set-off is a way to make B stand out by describing A, which can be divided into set-off and contrast. For example, in Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, "the roof height18,000 feet, and at this point, it began to turn to the southeast" was used to set off the height of Mount Tianmu. In Pipa Trip, the moon in the river "We saw the white autumn moon entering the middle of the river" set off the charming pipa sound, and "When the river mysteriously widens towards the full moon" set off the sad mood of the characters. In Ji Xiang Xuanzhi, there is a sharp contrast between "silent court order" and "animism".
(2) Various rhetorical devices
For example, Xin Qiji's "Fishing": He has already gone to sea, moved from Hubei to Hunan, and paid tribute to Wang Li's Xiaoshan Pavilion.
How many storms can you save? In a hurry, spring is back. Cherish spring for fear of early blooming, not to mention countless red flowers. Live in spring, see that there is no turning back at the end of the world. Hate spring and have no words. It's just diligent, and it's doing everything in Yogyakarta.
Nagato incident, quasi-quasi-ceremony and mistakes, the beauty was once jealous. A thousand dollars to buy each other is like buying a gift, but who complains about this situation? Stop dancing, can't you see that Yuhuan Yanfei is full of dust! Leisure is the hardest. Don't lean on the hedge, the sun goes down, and the flowers are bright.
The main rhetorical methods used by the author in the process of borrowing scenery to express emotion are questioning and comparison. The rhetorical devices used in poetry are roughly the same as those used in other styles. Students should be good at discovering rhetorical devices and explaining their functions. For example, it is more vivid (just like the strong wind in spring, which blows at night and blows open the petals of 10 thousand pear trees. ); Metaphor personifies things. ); The rhetorical question is to emphasize (if two people have a long relationship, is it sooner or later? ); Exaggeration is to emphasize and highlight (white hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is like a long beard); Duality is to enhance the musical beauty of poetry, express conciseness, express lyricism, and enhance the external formal beauty of poetry (leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I always watch the long river roll forward); In ancient poetry, metonymy and synaesthesia are common rhetorical devices, which students should pay attention to. Pay special attention to the difference between metaphor and analogy (metaphor pays attention to the similarity between different things, analogy pays attention to turning heartless into sentient beings), metonymy is to replace things with related things, such as partially replacing the whole (sails can replace ships, feather forests can replace soldiers), and the difference between duality and contrast (contrast is mainly the opposition or relative of meaning content, regardless of structural form; Duality is mainly symmetry in structural form, which requires the same number of words and the same or similar structure), and attention should be paid to the comprehensive cross-use of various rhetorical devices.
(3) Positive description-combination of dynamic and static.
For example, Wang Wei's "Autumn Night in the Mountains": after the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
Zhuan Xu's description of the bright moon in the sky is static, with pine trees covered, clear mountain springs and flowing stones dynamic. Because of the abundant water after the rain, the mountain spring increased its flowing potential, flowed over the stones and made a sound to set off the tranquility in the mountain. When describing the scenery, the poet pays great attention to the contrast between dynamic and static scenery, which can be combined with static, static and static. The combination of dynamic and static is often related to foil. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" and "Looking at Waterfall Hanging in a Thousand Rivers" wrote the first image of looking at the waterfall from a distance, like a huge white practice hanging in the mountains, and the word "hanging" turned into silence. Another example is Wang Wei's "Bird Watching Creek", "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and spring is empty. When the moon is full of birds, when the spring stream is singing, "Flowers fall on the moon and birds sing" highlights the quietness of the spring stream, and Wang Ji's "If you are in the Xi" "The cicada forest is quieter and the Yingong Mountain is more secluded. "It is also quiet because of sound, and quiet because of movement." Mountain dancing silver snake, original wax figure "is static by moving.