Refer to the key point 1 of Introduction to Public Policy, and briefly describe the meaning and characteristics of public policy. A: Policy is a unique phenomenon when the management form of human society develops to the national stage. In this national political form, an important means to maintain national rule and social management is policy. In modern society, the value content and functional fields reflected by policy means are increasingly extensive, so policy is also called public policy. The concept of public policy mainly refers to the policy behavior of the state and the government. In a broad sense, public policy is defined as: public policy is a norm and guide formulated by the state according to specific goals in order to solve social problems and adjust social interests. Features: 1. Class two. Honesty 3. Value correlation 4. Diversity 5. Legitimacy 6. Authority and coercion. 2. Briefly answer the composition conditions of public policy questions. A: First, it is an objective social phenomenon. Second, most people are aware of, agree with and are influenced by public policy issues. The third kind of conflict between values, interests and norms. The activities and strength of the fourth group. Necessary actions of the fifth government. 3. Briefly answer the status and role of specific policies. A: Specific policies are at the grassroots level and at the forefront in the policy system. It is the most concrete, direct and realistic expression of major policies and basic policies. This determines its special role and significance. First of all, specific policies are the basis for effectively ensuring the realization of general policies and basic policies. Secondly, specific policies are the direct driving force for productivity development and social progress. Third, specific policies play an important role in ensuring the stability and unity of the country and society. 4. What are the ways to formulate public policies? (Procedure) A: It is divided into four steps: determining policy objectives, designing schemes, conducting feasibility studies, and legalizing public policies. 5. Briefly describe the principles of public policy making A: 1. The principle of social progress: encourage the advanced and spur the backward. 2. The principle of social justice: social groups related to public policies should be treated equally, without any policy discrimination. On the premise of adhering to the principle of social progress, we must give consideration to the interests of all parties, and we must never generalize. 3. Principle of interest: In the process of formulating public policies, we always take the interests of social members as the starting point and destination of the policy, and always pay attention to the realization and maintenance of the interests of social members. 4. The principle of protecting the weak. The principle of continuity. Briefly describe the function of public policy implementation. Answer: 1. The implementation of public policy is the key to achieve policy objectives. 2. The implementation of public policy is the only criterion to test whether the policy scheme is correct or not. 3. Public policy implementation is an important way to continuously improve the policy plan. 4. The implementation of public policies is the link between public authorities and people. 7. Briefly answer the content of public policy adjustment. Answer: 1. Adjustment of policy objectives: When the policy objectives are proved by practice to be excessively beyond or below the requirements of the actual situation, and sometimes even seriously divorced from the policy reality, measures must be taken to make necessary adjustments to the policy objectives or lower the requirements of the objectives. Either reduce the number of targets, or change the target time limit, so that the adjusted new targets conform to the objective reality. 2. Adjustment of policy measures: This is an adjustment for specific details of policies, and it is also the most common and common adjustment in policy adjustment. 3。 Adjustment of policy plan: if it is basically feasible, it should be revised to make it more reasonable and adapt to the changed reality; If the original policy plan is too narrow, it should be broadened; If it proves to be basically unworkable, it must be re-formulated. 4. Adjustment of policy effectiveness: Policy effectiveness refers to the scope and degree of policy's function, including time effectiveness and space effectiveness, such as policy effectiveness and failure. The adjustment of policy effectiveness refers to the expansion or limitation of policy effectiveness. 5. Adjustment of the relationship between policies: straighten out the functions, scope and due responsibilities of various policies, and then coordinate all aspects and links inside and outside the policies. 6. Adjustment of policy subject and object. 8. What is the significance of public policy adjustment? A: 1. Policy adjustment can ensure the correctness of the policy itself. 2. Policy adjustment is an important guarantee for the orderly operation of policies. 3. Policy adjustment is also an important guarantee for policy stability. 9. Try to describe the means and significance of implementing public policies in combination with the actual situation. A: 1. Ideological education means: it refers to the method of making people know and understand the policy through various forms of policy propaganda and policy education, and learning to act in accordance with the spirit and requirements of the policy consciously, thus creating good social and spiritual conditions for the implementation of the policy. This is conducive to the implementation and implementation of the policy. 2. Administrative means: adopted by state organs of political power, with strong binding force and compulsion. As long as it is within the scope that administrative means can exert influence, any unit or individual must abide by the content of the policy, otherwise it will bear administrative responsibility and be subject to administrative coercion. It is conducive to reversing the unfavorable situation in policy implementation. 3. Legal means: refers to the method of adjusting various relations in policy implementation through legislation, judicature and arbitration, especially through administrative legislation and administrative justice. This is conducive to limiting the abuse of power by policy implementers and reducing subjective arbitrariness. 4. Economic means: refers to the method of adjusting the interests of all parties in the process of policy implementation and promoting policy implementation by using various economic levers according to the objective economic laws and the principle of material interests. It can effectively mobilize the initiative, consciousness and enthusiasm of all sectors of society to abide by the policy provisions, and help to enhance the effectiveness of the policy. 10, analyze the basis and significance of the termination of public policies in connection with reality. A: Policy termination is the behavior of policy makers to take necessary measures to terminate those outdated, unnecessary and ineffective policies after careful evaluation of policies. It has two foundations: internal (external). 1. major policy changes: major policy changes often lead to the adjustment and termination of many basic and specific policies. In China, when the main domestic contradictions change, the general line, tasks and goals of the party and the country also change. Second, the objective conditions on which the policy depends have changed: there are various objective conditions on which it depends, and when these objective conditions develop and change, they will affect the changes of the policy to varying degrees. In particular, when some objective conditions that play a decisive role in the existence of policies, such as changes in the power of political interest groups and the reversal of the relationship between subject and object of policies, change in essence will generally lead to the end of policies. Third, the negative effect of the policy itself is greater than the positive effect: the key issue here is to master a degree. If the positive effect of the policy is greater than its negative effect, it means that the negative effect of the policy has not exceeded the extent and its nature has not changed, so it can be continued or slightly adjusted. When the negative effect of policy is greater than or equal to its positive effect, it shows that the negative effect of policy has exceeded the critical point-degree, and the nature of policy has changed, so the end of policy is inevitable. Fourth, the limitations of the policy itself are greater than the effectiveness: its limitations are mainly caused by the subjective consciousness and class interests of the policy subjects besides its own reasons. It also involves the problem of degree. When the policy can't play its role within its scope of application or its role is extremely limited, its effectiveness will be greatly reduced. When the limitation of the policy itself is less than its effectiveness, it should be adjusted to make it work. However, when the limitation of the policy itself is greater than its effectiveness, it means that the limitation of the policy itself exceeds its critical point. At this point, the policy should be terminated and replaced. Significance: First, it can improve policy performance. When a policy fails to solve the policy problems it faces, the end of the policy means the beginning of a new policy, the birth of a new plan and the renewal and development of relevant institutions and personnel, which is undoubtedly conducive to better solving the problems and promoting the improvement of policy performance. Second, it is conducive to saving policy resources. The finiteness of social resources determines the necessity of ending the policy. Historically, any outdated or ineffective policy will be a great waste of limited policy resources if it cannot be terminated in time. When a policy goal has been achieved, the policy problem has been solved, or the policy goal has not been achieved, but the practice proves that the policy is invalid. In this case, in order to save strategy resources, it is necessary to end the strategy in time. Third, it can promote policy optimization. Ending the old policy is conducive to optimizing policy personnel and promoting policy development to a higher level. Its process is not only the process of optimizing the combination of personnel within the policy and forming the best overall effect, but also the process of continuously optimizing the policy organization system and establishing a more reasonable policy institution. Fourth, policy rigidity can be avoided. The society is developing and the environment is changing. If we continue to implement the original policy under the changed environment, it will not solve the problem, but will become the resistance and obstacle to solve the problem, that is, the policy is rigid. Will bring serious adverse consequences. The normalization of Sino-US relations in the 1970s is an example: 1. When the international situation has undergone major changes, various forces in the world have formed a new world pattern after more than 20 years of great turmoil, great differentiation and great reorganization; 2. With the rise of China and the improvement of its position and role in international relations,

The United States is deeply aware that isolating and containing China will eventually hurt itself, so it actively seeks to improve the US-China relations that are in its own interests. At the same time, China's leaders, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, also watched the changes in the international situation with giant keen eyes, deeply felt the necessity of opening the door to Sino-US relations, and then began to adjust their foreign policies, and finally ended the policy of non-contact with the United States. This is of great significance to promoting world peace and development. 1 1. Try to explain the role of public policy in national public policy management. Answer: 1. Guidance: There are two forms of expression, one is direct guidance and the other is indirect guidance. Not only in behavior, but also in the change of ideas. Another important content is to educate the masses, unify people's thoughts and coordinate people's behaviors with established goals and directions. From the results, there is a complex state, which has both positive guidance function and negative guidance function, and the two functions are intertwined under certain conditions. Second, the restrictive effect: manifested as the restriction on the behavior of specific objects. The first is to use public policies to crack down on words and deeds that infringe on the interests of the ruling group. Secondly, the restrictive role of public policy also applies to the ruling class. Thirdly, in terms of content, it shows different specific restrictive functions of various public policies such as political policy, economic policy, military policy and cultural policy. Third, management functions: from the perspective of management means, it is reflected in several aspects such as regulation and coordination; From the management mode, it is embodied in two forms: direct and indirect; From the perspective of management intention, it shows a unique tendency; Judging from the management results, there are positive and negative points. 4. Distribution: Different social and economic status, different ideas, different customs and habits, and different levels of knowledge have caused different people to have different interests and hobbies. In order to better allocate limited social resources, we should stand on the standpoint of justice and use public policies to adjust the realistic interest relationship. Whether a public policy is right or wrong depends first on whether it is conducive to the development of productive forces. Under the market economy system, market regulation is based on the principle of efficiency, while giving consideration to fairness. Therefore, studying the benefit distribution function of public policy is not only an important theoretical issue, but also a serious practical issue.