1. What are the rhetorical devices in primary school composition? Rhetoric techniques of Chinese in primary schools: metaphor, personification, rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, parallelism, exaggeration and contrast. 1. Metaphor: Metaphor consists of three parts: 1, ontology 2, vehicle 3, and figurative words (the biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains vehicles. No personification. ) function: make the content of the expression vivid and concrete, and give people a vivid and profound impression. According to the similarity of things, we use concrete, simple and common things to explain abstruse and unfamiliar things, that is, analogy. Three types of metaphor: simile, metaphor, metonymy: category | feature | ontology | metaphor | example simile | A image B | appearance | image, image, image, image | appearance | That little girl is like a flower. Metaphor | A is B | Appear | Yes. It's just a picture of green mountains and green waters. Metaphor | A generation B | No appearance | No appearance | Countless arrows are shot from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fall on the roof. For example, like an ethereal blue crystal. Zhu Ziqing's Spring II. Analogy: write things as adults, people as things, or things as things with rich imagination. Function: Make the article more vivid. Analogy can be divided into personification and personification (1). Personification: write things as adults, endow things with human thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people. Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid. For example: 1. Peach trees, flowers and trees. All the flowers are in full bloom. Spring Zhu Ziqing II. Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. Du Fu in Spring 3. The sun blushed. Spring Zhu Ziqing (2) Fiction: ① Compare people to crops, or take this matter as another thing to write an example: 1 The crowd was desperate and rushed up. The crowd is shouting. The bully ran away with his tail between his legs. ② Write thing A as thing B, for example 1. The volcano erupted. Moonlight flows quietly on this leaf and flower like running water. (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond) 3. Exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the essence and characteristics of things. Function: Remind the essence of things, set off the atmosphere and strengthen the atmosphere. Magnification exaggerates the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things, and even the bronze medal in front of the store seems to have been shrunk by the sun. Exaggeration reduces the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things, and only sees a palm-sized world in advance. Exaggerated, the latter appeared first, and the former appeared later. She hasn't finished drinking. Drunk. 4. parallelism: arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, related meaning or the same. Function: strengthen the language situation and atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, more organized, and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect). Example: Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, and their temperament is so. Their thoughts are so beautiful and broad. 5. Duality: a pair of phrases or sentences with the same number of words, the same structural form and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings. Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generalization, easy to remember, and musical beauty. The main road is 1, just the opposite. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are similar, similar, complementary and contrasting in meaning. Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and a hollow stomach. 2. Objection. The dual forms of the upper and lower sentences are opposite or relative in meaning. For example, the eyebrows are as cold as a thousand fingers, and the head is willing to be a sweet cow. 3. Chord pair (flowing pair). The upper and lower sentences have the dual forms of inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis and condition. For example, only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish. Deliberately repeat a word sentence. 1. Repeatedly (there is no other word in the middle) Example: Valley echo, he just left, he just left. 2. Repeatedly (there are other words in the middle) For example, it seems that if three provinces are lost, the party and the country will become more and more like one country. Lost three provinces, no one rang, but the party and the country became more and more like a country. Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters. Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis. 8. rhetorical question (provocation, rhetorical question, cross-examination): express definite meaning in the form of question, express negation in the form of affirmation, express affirmation in the form of negation, only ask without answering, and the answer is implied in rhetorical question. Function: strengthen tone, make people think, stimulate readers' feelings, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of words. 9. Quote: Quote ready-made words (idioms, poems, aphorisms, allusions, etc.). ) to improve the effect of language expression can be divided into two types. Function: make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness, inspire, and the language is refined, implicit and elegant. For example, Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher." Therefore, a disciple does not have to be a teacher. Don't be discouraged. 10. Metonymy: Do not directly say what you want to express, but borrow people or things closely related to it to replace metonymy types: features replace things, concreteness replaces abstractness, parts replace the whole, and the whole replaces parts. Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and make the language rich in change and sense of humor; Reminiscent, so that the expression receives outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects. Methods: ① Part replaces the whole, that is, the representative part of things replaces the ontology. If the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, sail alone. (Look at Tianmen Mountain) ② Features replace ontologies, that is, the names of ontologies are replaced by features and signs of borrowed objects (people or things). For example, the compass is indignant. Go out slowly ... (hometown) 3 The concrete generation is abstract. For example, the beacon lights in the south have been used for ten years. (meiling three chapters) (4) tools instead of ontology. For example, when they wake up to plow the fields, eight out of ten households have already lit the hoard and can't open the pot. There are ten kinds of figures of speech (this sentence uses figurative figures of speech to write the beauty of dreams. X0d dreams are the wings that soar. With dreams, there is a direction to go. With dreams, there is motivation to move forward; With dreams, there is hope of success. (Using rhetorical devices of parallelism, we wrote the importance of dreams to us. X0d Dreams are so important that pursuing them is a prerequisite for success. For those of us who enter junior high school, we may feel that life in junior high school is tense and busy, books are piling up like a mountain, and exams are followed by January. Life, study, love and remedial classes at home are noisy and boring. But life is bitter. As the saying goes, "He who eats hard is the master". The difficult road to study at present is the course of our pursuit of dreams and the witness of our hard work for the pursuit of dreams. The sudden disappointment in the x0d examination room drove me crazy. I was shocked by the successive criticisms, and I was once complacent about everyone's success. The rhetorical device of parallelism is used to write out the difficulties encountered in students' life. But every time I think of my dream-to be a lawyer, I will quickly calm down, analyze and recall everything with rational thinking, and become as usual, just focusing on continuing to work hard and study. The ancients said, "If the sky is going to fall for the Sri Lankan people, we must first suffer from their aspirations, strain their bones and muscles, and tire their bodies." Yico Zeng can't do it. "(In quoted rhetoric, writing about suffering is just an experience when we come to the book. Nowadays, suffering and frustration are nothing, but a card to test whether we can succeed. As long as we hold our heads high without fear, go forward bravely and open our wings to pursue our dreams, we will certainly be able to "see the bright moon when flowers bloom" and find that beautiful blue sky. X0d dreams are the rivers and seas of heroes. Dreams are the vast soil that breeds fruits; Dreams are soft white clouds, flying away; Dreams are bright stars, accompanying me forward. 3. What are the rhetorical devices of the article: metaphor, sketch, analogy, avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, filling, setting off, inverting, overlapping, truth, contrast, duality, renovation, repetition, rhetorical question, irony, parody, imitation, flying white and sharing; Complex overlap, compound deviation, * * * use, combination, call, intertextuality, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical question, ambiguity, parallelism, couplet, description, arrangement, connection, exaggeration, warning, presentation, pun, repetition, overlap. * * * 63 species. The metaphor 1 is introduced in detail, and the metaphor [1] is defined, that is, the rhetorical method of comparing one thing with another, indicating that two things with different degrees are similar to each other. 2. Generally speaking, structural metaphor consists of three parts, namely ontology (things or scenes to be compared), vehicle and figurative words (symbolic words of figurative relations). 3. Classification According to the similarities and differences and looming characteristics of the three parts of metaphor structure, it can be divided into four types. 1 simile. Ontology and vehicle have appeared, which are connected by the figurative words "like, like, if, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like". The common form is "A is like B". For example, the leaves are tall and tall, like a slim skirt. 2 metaphor. Ontological carriers have all appeared, which are connected by metaphors such as "yes, change and composition". The typical form is: "A becomes B", for example, the square is a sea of white wreaths, and the monument has been piled up into white hills. In addition, there are some variants of metaphor worthy of attention: ① Modifying metaphor: the metaphorical relationship between ontology and vehicle is realized in the form of modification and modification, restriction and restriction. This is an ocean of flowers. (2) apposition metaphor: the metaphorical relationship between ontology and vehicle is expressed in the form of apposition compound reference. Stop pouring soup, Lao Wang. Annotation metaphor: Ontology and vehicle express metaphorical relations in the form of annotations, often connected by dashes. For example, at five o'clock, the whistle for work rang. The lid of the red brick "can"-the iron gate was pushed open ... (3) Metaphor. There are no ontological and figurative words, which directly describe the vehicle. The typical form of metonymy is "A generation B". For example, I hate those poisonous snakes and beasts that eat our flesh and blood. (4) metaphor. Use several vehicles to describe an ontology. For example, a huge white lilac blooms on the gray corrugated roof, like snow and jade, splashing waves. [2] (5) Metonymy: also known as metonymy, is a form of metaphor in which the vehicle is the ontology first, and then the ontology is the vehicle, and metaphors are mutually vehicles. There are twists and turns that can enhance artistic appeal. Exodus 1: The street lamps are bright in the distance,/as if there are countless stars flashing. /Stars appear in the sky,/as if countless street lamps were lit. (Market in the sky) Example 2: At that time, there was a terrible noise in the mine, like thunder, no, it was more terrible than thunder. This is a tortuous metaphor. Deny the vehicle after proposing the vehicle "thunder", and finally propose the vehicle. After affirming, denying and denying again, the uniqueness of metaphor has been strengthened. Example 3: The teacher held my little hand with a gentle big hand for a long time. I know the teacher is expecting my answer, my oath and my progress. This is a warm current injected into my heart! No, it was a spring rain that made me hold my head high. (In this way, it must be equal, suddenly suppressed and denied, and then affirmed, cyclical ups and downs, giving full play to lyricism. 4. Metaphorical reasoning of function (1) is easy to understand and accept. (2) Metaphor can tell some unimaginable things in detail and explain them with other similar things, which makes people more clear. (3) Metaphor can be visualized and leave a deep impression on people. (4) Play the role of decorating articles. (5) Make things vivid and vivid, highlight features, render the atmosphere and set off the side. 5. Ontology and carrier must be essentially different things, otherwise it is not a metaphor. Is a sentence a metaphor? You can't just look at the metaphorical words. The following example is not a figurative sentence: (1) His personality is like that of his mother-comparing similar things; (2) It seems that it is going to rain in the dark. (3) Don't go to work with ideological baggage-metaphorical meaning of words; (6) Common figurative words are: image, image, if, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image. For example, grace is as heavy as a mountain, as cold as ice, as cold as a duck's heart, as cold as a chicken's heart, as cold as a candle, as cold as a candle, as cold as a bamboo, as cold as a bamboo, as cold as a bamboo, as cold as a bamboo, as cold as a bamboo, as cold as a candle, as cold as a bamboo, and as cold as a bamboo. C. Metaphorically, looking through the autumn water, the second round is calm, the door is full of axes, the wall is iron, the wolf is in power, the eyes are full of pearls, and the words are exaggerated. 1. Definition in order to achieve a certain expression effect, the image, characteristics and brightness of things are exaggerated. 2. The type (1) is exaggerated. Deliberately describe things as "big, many, high, deep and strong" and other exaggerated forms. For example, it is difficult to get through the Shu Road and get into the sky. (2) narrowing and exaggerating. Deliberately exaggerating objective facts, such as "small, little, low, shallow and weak". For example, Wumeng walks in a mud pill. (3) Exaggeration in advance. Describe the present state of things with their possible future results, or exaggerate their future state before they are mentioned. For example, farmers say, "When you see such a green wheat field, you can smell the smell of white bread." "The powder contains the power of spring, and the red lips only laugh when they smell it." (A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty) 3. The function clearly expresses the author's feelings and attitudes towards things, highlights the essential characteristics of things, sets off the atmosphere, enhances the appeal and enhances the vividness of language. 4. Problems to pay attention to when using (1) Exaggeration is not grandiose, it must be reasonable and cannot be divorced from the foundation and basis of life. (2) There must be exaggeration and truth. 4. What are the rhetorical devices commonly used in the writing of General Grammar? Don't say the name of a thing directly, but use something closely related to it instead. Query: In order to reveal the following, emphasize a certain point of view, deliberately ask questions and ask questions: express certain content in the form of query, express meaning in the form of affirmation, and express meaning in the form of negation is a metaphor of affirmation: it is to find out the similarities between two things, and only when there are similarities can a metaphor be formed, and the other metaphor must have ontology carrier and metaphor; Duality: Mainly aimed at the structure of sentences, the upper and lower sentences that constitute duality must have the same number of words and opposite or opposite meanings, so that two sentences can form duality. Irony: it is to express derogatory meaning with praise. For example, "what a beautiful name-enterprising", where "what a beautiful name" is a compliment but a derogatory one. Thimble: It refers to the rhetorical method of taking the word at the end of the previous sentence as the word at the beginning of the next sentence. For example: bamboo leaves are burned, there are bamboo branches, bamboo branches are broken, and there are bamboo whips; The bamboo whip is cut and has bamboo roots. Description: refers to a rhetorical method that faithfully imitates the shape, sound and color of things. They paddled the boat gently, crashing, crashing, crashing like water on both sides. Reduplication: refers to the repeated use of a word, such as green water plants. Pun: In a certain language environment, semantic and phonetic conditions are used to intentionally make the meaning have double meanings and the words are intentionally different. This rhetorical method is pun. There are four kinds of puns: 1. Homophonic pun 2. Semantic pun. 3. Phonetic and figurative puns. 4. Pun on sound and meaning. Taboo: it is not convenient to say what is taboo, but a rhetorical method, which is replaced and modified by other words. Parallelism: a rhetorical device that arranges words or sentences with the same or similar structure, closely related meanings and consistent tone into strings. Exaggeration: a rhetorical method that uses rich imagination to expand or narrow the image characteristics of things purposefully on the basis of objective truth to enhance the expression effect. Repetition: A figure of speech in which certain words or sentences are deliberately repeated to emphasize a certain meaning and highlight a certain feeling. Personification: a rhetorical method of imitating things to adults with rich imagination. Metaphor can make the things described vivid and deepen people's impression. When it is used to explain the truth, it can make the truth easy to understand and understand. The rhetorical question is to highlight the meaning to be expressed, and the words are irrefutable. Repetition can emphasize some thoughts and highlight some feelings. Irony can increase the sense of humor and irony in speaking or writing, and has special expressive effect. Duality can make the sentence structure neat and symmetrical, read fluently, sound harmonious and pleasant, and be easy to remember and recite. Exaggeration can enhance the expression effect and highlight the image characteristics of things. Asking questions can reveal the following and emphasize a point. Metonymy: more subtle, can make the object of description more vivid. Parallelism can make the sentence structure neat, intonation harmonious, reasoning thorough, expressive, eloquent and magnificent. Personification can imitate a thing into an imaginative thing. 5. What are the rhetorical methods of the article (antithesis, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition and symbol) 1, contrast: This is a technique in Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and represent the outline of an object. Used in poetry creation, refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, so that what is needed is obviously prominent. It can be the contrast between people, for example, in Qin Luofu, the amazing beauty of Qin Luofu is set off by the reactions of the walkers and teenagers, or it can be the contrast between things, such as "cicadas make the forest quieter, the palace hill more secluded", "monks knock on the moon door" and "birds sing at the full moon". More things are compared with people, such as writing the moon in the river three times in Pipa, which compares the beautiful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters respectively. 2. Association and imagination: mostly adopted by romantic poets. For example, Li Bai often integrates reality with dreams, fairyland, nature with human society. His "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" is full of poems that let go of thoughts, and the poet's imagination is like a wild imagination. The dreamland and fairyland depicted by him are the bright and beautiful ideal world he yearns for. When I was a child, I didn't know the moon, and I cried to Bai, "I am worried about the moon, and the night will follow you to the west" and "I sing. The moon encourages me and I dance around "is a clever combination of whimsy and natural truth." 3. Allusions: that is, quoting historical facts and using allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only refine the language of poetry, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implicitness of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. Such as Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Happiness"? There are five successful allusions in Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou: Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong and so on. With the help of these historical facts, the poet expressed his thoughts and feelings implicitly, naturally and fully. 4. Figurative symbol: This is a rhetorical device to compare one thing with another. Used in poetry is also called Bi Xing. This technique is often used in poetry to achieve the artistic effect of vivid image and turning reality into emptiness. For example, Zhu Qingyu's "To Secretary Zhang on the Eve of the Examination" in the Tang Dynasty skillfully used the bride's nervous and hopeful psychology before meeting her in-laws, and wrote her nervous and eager to be appreciated before the exam. He Zhangzhi's "Liu Fu": "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut off the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors. "When new leaves sprouted in spring, the poet suddenly had a whim in surprise. It was Miss Chun who fiddled with spiritual scissors with her dexterous hands and cut out thin leaves! Metaphor makes description virtual, image more dynamic and emotion more intense. If this concrete image runs through the whole story, it is a symbol. For example, Li Bai often places his ideals and symbolizes his talents with magnificent and extraordinary things, such as Dapeng, Tianma, Xiong Jian and mountains and rivers. I like to choose noble and beautiful things, such as bright moon, phoenix, pine and cypress, beauty and so on. , to symbolize the integrity of the newspaper; He often chooses the events of people who were destroyed and imprisoned to compare his experience and situation. 5. Exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing things to express the poet's unusual feelings. Reasonable exaggeration is unreasonable, but reasonable. In romantic poetry, exaggeration can be seen everywhere. For example, "the roof is 18000 feet, and at this point, it begins to turn southeast." (Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream") "White hair is three thousands of feet, and sorrow is like a long beard" (Li Bai's "Song of Autumn Pu"). Another example is that "three cups of promise, five mountains are light" (Li Bai's "Chivalrous Travel") is light on five mountains, exaggerating the weight of chivalrous travel; Speak out of turn, trust your friends, and face the Jiuning wind. "(Li Bai's Song of Praise) uses mountain peaks to exaggerate the estrangement and suspicion between friends. Contrast, metonymy, intertextuality (such as "I, the master has dismounted, and my guest has boarded the boat" in Wang Changling's Out of the Great Wall, The Bright Moon in Qin Dynasty and Bai Juyi's Pipa Journey), pun and metaphor are also commonly used in ancient poetry, and their characteristics and functions are similar to those used in general articles, so I will not repeat them here. In addition, we should also pay attention to some common "artistic dialectics" techniques in ancient poetry. For example, when we describe things or scenery, we often combine far and near, motion and stillness, sound and color, reality and emptiness, and have achieved good artistic results. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ On the other hand, rhetoric has strong application and plays an important role in sentence imitation and sentence expansion. ● Difficult magnetic field [test questions 1] () Explain the rhetorical methods and expressive functions of the following sentences. Incorrect is A, what is the road? It was stepped out from a place where there was no road, and it was opened up from a place where there were only thorns. -Which way? The author has a preconceived idea in his mind. He just deliberately asks questions to attract others' attention, and then gives answers, which gives people a vivid and profound impression. B. As far as lyricism is concerned, some people are proud of the spring breeze, strong and fierce, some people are bitter and sad, some people are cynical, worried about the country and the people, some people mourn the death of autumn, and lament the old .......................................................................................................... C. Heilongjiang people often say. The soil here will germinate with a chopstick. -Use the saying that "chopsticks will sprout as soon as they are inserted" to compare the "fertility" of the land and show the love of Heilongjiang people for their hometown. The image is vivid and vivid. D. "bow your head and be a willing ox" should be our motto. In the sentence, the words "cold eyebrows", "bow down and be willing to be a willing ox", "cold hands and be willing to be a willing ox" are all relative, and the whole sentence is well-proportioned, harmonious and beautiful. [Question 2] () Make sentences with "no" and "like" according to the following sentences. Commitment is not white clouds in the blue sky, but carefree and elegant. Commitment is not (2) commitment is like a pearl, it is the price of the pain and glory of the mussel. Commitment is like a box. 6. What are the rhetorical devices in the narrative? 1, metaphor (1) The characteristic and function of metaphor is "analogy", that is, to grasp the similarities between two things with different properties and use one thing as a metaphor for another. The structure of metaphor is generally composed of noumenon (figurative object), vehicle (figurative object) and figurative words (symbol of figurative relationship). Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness. (2) Metaphor type ① Simile. The typical form is: A is like B, ontological metaphors all appear, and the metaphorical words "like, like, like, like" are connected together. For example, the harvested crops are steadily piled up like hills. (2) metaphor. The typical form is: A is B. Ontological metaphors all appear, with no metaphorical words in the middle. Is the relationship between the arrow and the target. 3 metaphor. Typical forms are: A and B, which have no ontology and directly describe the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Metonymy takes the relevant points of two things and metonymy takes the similarities of two things. For example, put down the baggage and start the machine. 4 metaphor. Compare the same ontology from different angles with several metaphors. For example, among the layers of leaves, it looks like a pearl, a star in the blue sky, and a beauty who just came out of the bath. (Pearl, Star, Beauty Just Out of the Bath describe the beauty of lotus from the perspectives of color, luster and feeling. ) 2. Compare the characteristics and functions of (1) and treat things as people. Its formal characteristics are: things are humanized, or people are materialized, or things are materialized. Its function is to make people or things colorful, portray images and express rich meanings. (2) The comparison type is anthropomorphic. For example, there is another village in Dufuchuan, and the red flag is waving. (2) quasi-objects. For example, a bully wants to run with his tail between his legs. 3. The characteristics and functions of metonymy (1) metonymy is not to directly say the person or thing to be expressed, but to replace it with something related to it. It emphasizes the correlation between these two things. Its function is to replace complexity with simplicity, to replace imagination with truth, and to replace eccentricity with ordinary. Substitute things for feelings. (2) Types of metonymy ① Features represent ontologies. For example, beards roar fiercely. ② The concrete representation is abstract. For example, we don't regard the masses as needle and thread. (3) proper names represent generic names. For example, our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng. ④ Names represent works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun. ⑤ Part represents the whole. For example, there is no place to write in the moonlight. It is necessary to draw a clear line. 4. Exaggeration (1) The characteristics and functions of exaggeration refer to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of some expressive effect. It is required not to lose the foundation and basis of life when using it, and its function is to set off the atmosphere, enhance association and enlighten people. (2) Several forms of exaggeration A. Enlarging exaggeration. For example, it needs to flow down three thousand feet.