The word "fire fighting", a Japanese word, began to appear in the Edo period. It was first seen in the 9th year of hublot (the 2nd year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty 1724), and it was recorded in the book Wang Ren Narration in Xincang County, Wuzhou that "when a fire broke out, the village's' fire fighting' arrived". The word "fire fighting" became popular in the early Meiji period (1873). But the root of "fire fighting" is in China. Japanese characters evolved from China's Chinese characters and were introduced to Japan as early as the fifth year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (284). The word "fire fighting" not only has the same shape as Chinese characters, but also has no difference in meaning. The appearance of the word "fire fighting" fully reflected the close cultural exchanges between China and Japan at that time.
Fire and extinguishing is a very old proposition. Among all kinds of natural fires, fire is a kind of disaster with high frequency, which is not limited by time and space. This disaster is accompanied by the history of human use of fire; In order to prevent and control fires, fire fighting work (called "fire fighting administration" in ancient times) came into being, which has formed an indissoluble bond with human beings and will continue to improve with the development of human society.
China has a long history of fire fighting, which can be said to be unparalleled in the world.
The 583rd and 584th editions of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Collection recorded two Oracle Bone Inscriptions painted by Zhu, and recorded that during the Wuding period of Shang Dynasty in BC 1339- 128 1, slaves set fire to three grain depots of three slave owners at night. This is the earliest fire record since written records.
In fact, before writing appeared, our ancestors had been burned. In order to survive, our ancestors have begun to prevent and control fires. When archaeologists excavated and showed a human settlement buried underground for thousands of years, we were surprised to find that these settlements were only witnesses of early building fires. If the Xi 'an Banpo site two thousand years ago is a semi-crypt-shaped square hut, the charcoal left after the fire damage is still clearly visible, which is enough to show that it is a relatively primitive early building fire site, then the large public building site in Dadiwan, Qin 'an, Gansu, five thousand years ago is not just a building fire site. Then, coating a layer of solid fireproof paint (cementing material) on the wooden column in the "fireproof protective layer" and the remaining "fireproof protective layer" built with soil around the wooden column can better prove that our ancestors explored the building fireproof technology a long time ago, and their outstanding achievements have amazed people today.
In the face of fire prevention, ancient thinkers, politicians, legalists and historians have always attached great importance to it.
Guan Zhong was a politician who served as the prime minister of Qi in the early Spring and Autumn Period, making Qi rich and strong, and became the first overlord in the "five tyrants" in the Spring and Autumn Period. He regards fire protection as one of the five major events related to the country's prosperity and strength, and puts forward the idea of "amending the fire protection constitution". Confucius was the founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the most famous thinker in Chinese history. His Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Zhuan, written by his later disciples, recorded 23 fires, the number of which was the highest of all kinds of disasters, which opened the first record of fires in national history. It is especially rare to describe in detail the fire-fighting measures taken by Song, Zheng and Lu countries to prevent and control fires, highlighting the people-oriented thought. This and this all reflect the Confucian emphasis on fire prevention and control.
Mozi was a thinker in the Warring States period and the founder of Mohism. He pays attention to practice. In Mozi, he not only contains many scientific principles of mechanics, optics and acoustics, but also has many original opinions on preventing and controlling fires. He put forward many fire prevention technical measures in his articles, such as preparing the city gate, guarding against the enemy, etc., which not only have specific setting and building requirements, but also have clear digital regulations. It can be considered that this is the bud of China's early fire protection technical specifications.
The Book of Rites in the era of the Yellow Emperor was the earliest written code in China. In the Warring States period, the legalist Li Kui compiled "Jurisprudence", which included the contents of fire prevention and control in the legal provisions. Although the full text of the Code has been lost, only six catalogues are left, but this can be proved from the later written code "Tang Law Discussion" based on the Code.
Our ancestors accumulated rich experience in long-term fire fighting practice. The scientific summary of this experience was first found in Zhouyi: "Fire and water, auspicious. A gentleman should guard against it by thinking. " Xun Yue, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote in Shen Jian. Zayan further clearly put forward the idea of "prevention first, rescue second, and abstinence second".
For more than 4,000 years since the establishment of the Xia Dynasty in 2070 BC, successive dynasties have listed fire prevention and control as an important part of the state's management of public affairs, and established corresponding management systems. In feudal society, the emperor, as the supreme leader of the country, directly asked about fire control and issued relevant imperial edicts. When a major fire broke out, he took measures such as "plain clothes, avoiding temples, withdrawing music and reducing meals", and even condemned himself with "imperial edict", conducted "introspection" and "Xiu De" and listened to the criticisms and suggestions of his officials.
In the sixth year of the Western Han Dynasty (BC 135), a fire broke out in the mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu. Liang Wudi immediately took off his "dragon robe" and put on a white crown suit for five days, which reflected his fear of fire and adopted the first line of pious self-condemnation, "Sin has summoned". Later emperors of historical dynasties inherited this practice. In the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420), after the fire broke out in the three halls of the palace, Ming Chengzu deeply reflected on twelve aspects of governing the country and protecting the people with great sadness. Emperor Qianlong's "going to Beijing" about the epidemic disaster in the Qing Dynasty was recorded 54 times in "Chinese Fire Ceremony" alone, which was the highest among emperors in previous dynasties. In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), Gan Qing Palace caught fire unexpectedly. At this time, Li Hong is 87 years old and sitting on the throne of the emperor, but he still bears the main responsibility, saying that "it's all the emperor's fault" in "Guilty".
"Disaster prevention" is the responsibility of local film directors at all levels. In order to ensure the safety of one side, they also vigorously promoted the "fire policy." For example, during the Han Dynasty, Chengdu was the prefect of Fan Lian; In the Tang Dynasty, Du Yu, who sent us to Lingnan, and Liu Zongyuan, who sent us to Yongzhou; In the Song Dynasty, Chen Xiliang, the magistrate of Huxian County; And He Xin, the magistrate of Huizhou in Ming Dynasty. Because of vigorously promoting the "fire strategy" and benefiting the people, historians made biographies for it and the people built temples and monuments for it, and some historical sites still exist today. Lin Zexu, the frontier defense minister of the Qing Dynasty, was praised by people for attending the fire fighting in person when a fire broke out.
The most outstanding achievement in managing public affairs in Song Dynasty was the birth of the first city fire brigade established by the state in the world. This kind of urban fire brigade has striking similarities with today's urban fire brigade, both in organizational form and in essence. This national fire brigade was founded in Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty and perfected in Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the 12th year of Chunyou (1252), there were 20 fire brigades and 7 teams in Lin 'an, with a total of 5 100 people. The fire building 10 is expected.
As an aspect of social security, fire protection in ancient China did not set up a special institution independently. Starting from "Two Thousand Stones of Cao Shangshu" in the central administration of the Han Dynasty and "Holding Jin Wu" in Beijing, both of them are masters of "fire and water thieves", or "managers are very angry" and "cunning". Fire control institutions and public security institutions will always be together, but thieves can't leave home. This comprehensive public security fire control system has been quite detailed until today. Although China's fire control has a fairly independent management scope, as far as the national system is concerned, the work of fire control and maintaining social order is still managed by the public security department, which is a historical tradition of our country.
In Chang 'an, Western Han Dynasty, every street has a pavilion, 16 pavilion. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 24 kiosks on 24th Street in Luoyang. This kind of street pavilion is also called a pavilion. There were no pavilions in Chang 'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty, but there were "Wuhoudian" public security fire control organizations distributed in various cities and squares. This kind of "Wuhou shop" has 0/00 people in Dachengmen/KLOC, and 30 people are generous. There are 20 people in the small city gate and 5 people in the small room. Under the leadership of Zuo You, Jin Wu's subordinate Zuo You Yi Fu. Form the city's public security fire control network system. Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty "every party has three hundred paces to patrol shops and five soldiers", which is obviously the inheritance and development of the "Wuhou shop" system in the Tang Dynasty. There is no record of "military patrol shop" in the Official History of Yuan Hua, but there is a "Yin Gang" which is the same as the military patrol shop in Travel Notes of Kyle Polo Zhong. There were "Hongpu" 1 12 in the imperial cities inside and outside the Ming Dynasty, and each shop had 10 officials. Although these are different, they are all urban grass-roots public security fire control institutions, which are equivalent to today's public security police stations or police kiosks.
From the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China, with the development of economy and society, fires have also increased, and fire fighting and extinguishing technologies have also kept pace with the times and developed continuously.
Thousands of years of human history have proved that fire fighting is the product of the progress of world civilization. The more frequent the society is, the more important the fire prevention and control work is.