Shi (Southwest University of Political Science and Law) The doctor of law system in France was formed in the late Middle Ages. At that time, the doctor of law system was quite rough, and there was no standardized and strict registration procedure and assessment system. According to French scholars, at that time, the basic requirement for becoming a candidate for doctor of law was not knowledge, but money. In fact, the cost of obtaining a doctorate in law is quite high. In addition to paying a large registration fee, doctoral candidates must also give a large number of gifts to each professor of the defense Committee in order to pass the customs smoothly. In addition, doctoral students do not need to submit a written doctoral thesis when they graduate, but only need to have an oral debate with the professor of the defense Committee around some topics (doctoral students should propose a discussion topic themselves, and the professor of the defense Committee will propose another discussion topic). Of course, doctoral candidates must be recommended by the tutor to participate in the defense. Generally speaking, once recommended, almost all doctoral candidates can get a doctorate. Because the doctoral defense involves the reputation of the tutor, the tutor usually recommends the defense when the doctoral student is fully prepared. After the Enlightenment, the doctor of law system in France experienced several changes. Although more or less influenced by the tradition, the new doctor of law system is far superior to the tradition in system design and implementation norms, and has trained many jurists with high international reputation for France. Due to the limitation of space, this paper only briefly discusses the more important aspects such as the registration of doctor of law, doctoral thesis writing, doctoral thesis defense, doctoral thesis publication and doctoral funding. Unlike China, there is no special entrance examination for doctor of laws in France. However, students who register for a doctor of law must obtain a master's degree in research (DEA). Foreign students or students who have obtained the French master's degree (DESS) want to register a doctor of law in France, and they must pass the equivalent qualification certification. In order to register as a doctor of law, students must also apply to the doctoral school of the university (? 0? 7 Cole Doctor) to submit a doctoral thesis, with the opinion of the thesis supervisor. Chef d'établissement decides whether to allow or agree to the registration of equivalent academic qualifications after reviewing the opinions of the thesis tutor and the suggestions of the president of the doctoral school. The registration of doctor of law is carried out at the beginning of each year (each school is slightly different, and students can get detailed information on the websites of major universities). Registered doctoral students must re-register every year, but there is no need for certification or approval. Second, the writing of the doctoral thesis of law In the doctoral registration stage, students and tutors have generally reached an agreement on the research topic. Of course, the tutor can also ask students to expand, narrow or even change the research topic according to the actual situation during the research process. The first two years are generally the paper collection stage. Generally speaking, the tutor will not contact the students actively (of course, it depends on the tutor's personal habits), and the students will contact the tutor if they have any questions. Most doctoral students in law didn't start writing papers until the third year. The structure of the doctoral thesis in law is also quite peculiar, which has certain format requirements (China students often call it "French eight-part essay"). Generally speaking, the structure of the paper is only divided into two parts (the first and second parts). Each article is divided into two chapters, with few exceptions. This often makes many students in China feel uncomfortable. It seems that the French are also quite good at the ideas of "yin and yang" and "one thing is divided into two parts". There is no strict word limit for papers, generally around 500 pages. But there are many exceptions. For example, Henry Mo turski's famous doctoral thesis "Principles d 'une realization mé thodique du droit privé" is less than 200 pages. The submission time of doctoral thesis is generally three years after the first registration. 3. After reviewing the doctoral thesis, the defense tutor can recommend a defense if he thinks that the requirements have been met. After consultation with the students, the tutor submits the date of defense and the list of members of the defense Committee to the principal. After listening to the opinions of the tutor and the suggestions of the president of the doctoral school, the principal designates at least two professors from other schools or scientific research institutions to review the doctoral thesis and decide whether to approve the defense according to the opinions. Before the defense, the comments must be delivered in writing to the members of the defense Committee and the respondent himself. The national defense commission has three to six members. At least one third of the members should come from other schools or scientific research institutions. The tutor must participate in the doctoral defense as a member of the defense Committee. The defense was held in public. The national defense commission appoints a chairman of the national defense commission and, if necessary, a rapporteur. However, the tutor shall not become the chairman or the reporter of the defense Committee. After the defense is over, the chairman of the defense Committee will announce the adoption or extension of the defense after collegial discussion. The defense is divided into three grades: excellent, excellent and excellent. The defense scores and defense opinions will be attached to the doctoral thesis in writing. Four. The doctoral thesis of law is published in France. There are two main ways to publish the doctoral thesis of law: one is to publish the essence of the doctoral thesis in the form of an article in a law magazine. Because there are few law journals in France, only a few doctoral theses can be published in them. The other is published in the form of books. Almost all famous universities have doctoral dissertations and publish excellent doctoral dissertations. The author's school, Marseille III, France, has several doctoral dissertations, many of which have considerable influence in France, such as the doctoral dissertation on public law edited by the late famous constitutional scholar Louis Favoreu. The publishing fees of doctoral dissertations are borne by the publishing houses themselves, but the publishing houses can generally apply for the funding of our school's doctoral dissertations (prix de thèse) or the publishing funding of relevant scientific research institutions. V. Funding for Doctoral Students in Law In France, Doctoral Students in Law are generally older and spend most of their time on scientific research, so the economic pressure is relatively high. Based on this, France adopts a more flexible funding method for law doctoral students. There are three most common types: first, the state provides various doctoral scholarships. The application procedures and methods of different scholarships are different, but doctoral students can get quite specific information on the official website of various scholarship institutions. Second, sign a temporary contract for education and research (Le contrat d'Ater). Doctoral students in law work as educators or researchers in universities with vacancies or temporary vacancies within one year. Of course, the contract has certain requirements on the workload of doctoral students, such as having to attend 192 hours of discussion class (TD) every year and so on. Third, sign an industrial research and training agreement in cooperation with the National Research and Technology Association (ANRT), enterprises and doctoral students. Law doctoral students working in enterprises not only put theory into practice, but also help to protect the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises, killing two birds with one stone. As mentioned above, after long-term exploration and practice, France has formed a relatively complete education system for doctor of law, which has influenced many countries in Western Europe. Compared with French, China's doctor of laws system was established less than 20 years ago, and both the system design and the rule operation are still immature and insufficient. The so-called "stones from other mountains" can attack jade. "The doctor of law system in France undoubtedly provides a meaningful reference template.