Economically, the technological progress of agriculture and handicrafts and the development of commodity economy have produced the seeds of capitalism in some areas along the Mediterranean coast and northwest Europe. The primary stage of capitalist mode of production-the rise of workshop handicraft industry. Maritime trade began to be intensive.
(1)17th century, Britain won the maritime trade and colonial hegemony. At that time, world trade was divided into two major trade circles: the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Pacific trade is mainly concentrated in Europe and Asia. Europe obviously prefers to import, and the types of imported goods are becoming more and more popular. The vast market of American colonies provided conditions for the diversification of British workshops, handicrafts and foreign trade to a greater extent. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/7th century, the Atlantic trade circle developed into an important subsidiary part of "Africa-Europe-Asia" trade and world economic division. Population trade and colonial trade not only provided the necessary capital accumulation for the industrial revolution, but also formed a world market with trade as the main content and Europe as the center, which was the lasting power of the industrial revolution. "World trade and world markets opened the capital in the16th century.
(2) The agricultural revolution, the development of wool industry at the end of 15 directly promoted the religious reform and enclosure movement in Britain in 16 century, and the commons and land became the first objects of erosion, and the big tenant farming system gradually ruled the British countryside. The release of agricultural labor and the improvement and application of agricultural technology provided labor, consumer goods and raw materials for the industrial revolution, and also provided the domestic market for industrial development.
(3) The development of capitalism in continental Europe is slow. The autocratic system in France has seriously hindered the development of capitalism. France made its fortune in Europe earlier, relying on the increase of a large number of commercial capital generated in transit trade from the Mediterranean to northern Europe, rather than the growth of commodity production rooted in the country like Britain. Commercial capital beyond mass production appeared earlier and more surplus, which led to the early disintegration of French manor economy and the early separation of manor serfs from land. The growth of commercial capital has further accelerated the separation of labor and land production materials. At that time, the French capitalist industry was too fragile to absorb a large amount of monetary capital and labor outside the production field, so these surplus labor forces flowed from rural areas to cities and became the source of social unrest.
Political aspects
After the opening of the new sea route, the commercial center moved from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, and Britain was in a favorable position and developed trade, which promoted the development of British workshop handicrafts, especially woolen industry (wool processing industry: the national industry of Britain at that time), and the demand for wool increased greatly, resulting in the enclosure movement (essentially the expansion of capitalist production methods in rural areas, changing the land ownership of landlords and farmers into capitalist land ownership, providing labor, raw materials and markets for the development of capitalism) Puritanism movement appeared in England. The feudal autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty seriously hindered the development of capitalism, which led to the bourgeois revolution (the convening of the new parliament: the bourgeoisie put forward political demands), the civil war, the establishment of the system of * * * and the protection of the country, and the restoration of Stuart dynasty, indicating that the revolution could not be smooth sailing, but it was tortuous, which was beneficial to the development of capitalism and marked the beginning of modern world history. On the other hand, the Parliament promulgated the Bill of Rights in 19661689, which provided legal protection for the restriction of kingship, established the "constitutional monarchy" in Britain, and established the capitalist system (finally after the industrial revolution) .46666.666666666666
The emergence of the seeds of capitalism also provided the possibility for European cultural revival and enlightenment. European capitalism is in its infancy and the bourgeoisie is taking shape. In order to safeguard their own economic and political interests, the emerging bourgeoisie demands to break the theological view of the church ideologically and change various traditional concepts of maintaining the feudal system.
(Note: The Enlightenment took place in Europe in the18th century, first in Britain, then in France, Germany and Russia, and then in the Netherlands, Belgium and other countries. )