1. When comparing the meanings of words, especially words with similar meanings, we must carefully distinguish the differences between the two words in terms of degree, scope of application and emotional color. 2. After choosing a good sentence, you should read the relevant sentences several times and experience them repeatedly.

Second, the analysis of sentence function and meaning

1, this sentence uses the related words "although ... but not only" ... and ... "both of which are used to express the progressive relationship, and both of them are used to emphasize the latter.

2. The function of inverted sentences: it is often to emphasize the previous part (that is, to move to the front). For example, "I'm sorry, you're not good" means that the degree of "you're not good" is "I'm sorry". Another example is "bad, I think", which is to clearly emphasize that the author's evaluation of "Lei Feng Sunset Red" is "bad".

3. Evaluation and appreciation of a sentence: We should start from two aspects, first evaluate its writing characteristics and language characteristics, such as rhetoric, expression, language or vivid or beautiful or symmetrical or accurate and rigorous ... and then evaluate the ideological connotation, that is, clarify what views this sentence expresses and what feelings, enlightenment and education it gives you. ...

4. The analysis of the meaning of a sentence can also start with the analysis of keywords, focusing on the meaning of keywords in a specific context.

5. When analyzing a sentence in an explanatory paragraph, it is important to buckle the explanatory content, the characteristics of the explanatory object and the characteristics of the explanatory language (accurate and vivid).

6. When analyzing a sentence in a narrative paragraph, it is important to recognize the specific atmosphere, the feelings expressed and the characteristics of the characters.

7. When analyzing the sentences in the argumentative paragraphs, we should correctly deduct the argument (or the central argument of the full text or the sub-argument of the paragraph) and the characteristics of the argumentative language.

8. Key sentences mainly include five aspects: ① sentences that point out the theme; 2 descriptive, argumentative and lyrical sentences; ③ Summarize the sentences of the full text; (4) Sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following (such as sentences that take care of each other and transitional sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following); ⑤ Sentences using various rhetorical devices (such as metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, irony, rhetorical questions, especially quotation). Understanding key sentences is mainly to understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by sentences. For example, the author's emotions, attitudes and thoughts between the lines. At the same time, it is necessary to understand the functions, functions and characteristics of sentences in the text. Note the writing method of the sentence: we must pay attention to the stylistic characteristics and the accuracy of noun use.

Three, question and answer, regular answering terms and skills

(A) the main role of social environment description:

1, indicating the background of the work. 2. When you answer, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality is revealed by the relevant statements of environmental description in the text.

(B) the main role of sentences describing the natural environment (scenery description):

1, showing the regional scenery and prompting the characteristics of time, season and environment; 2. Promote the development of the plot; 3. Render the atmosphere; 4. Contrast characters (or characters' moods and feelings); 5. Highlight and deepen the theme.

(c) Analyze the function of sentences in the structure of the article;

1. For the above (or full text): refer to the above, echo from beginning to end, and summarize the above (or full text);

2. For the following: cause the following, pave the way, pave the way; 3. Context: connecting the preceding with the following (transition).

(4) Answer questions in your own words:

1, this kind of question is often limited to the sentence that can't be answered directly in the original text. On another level, it means that you have relevant sentences in the original text, so you should first find out the relevant sentences in the original text;

What we need to consider now is how to turn the sentences in the original into our own words. The following methods can be adopted:

① Generalization, which is suitable for long sentences related to the original text; (2) Sentence translation method, which is suitable for classical Chinese paragraphs; (3) Explain key words, which are applicable to uncommon words in the original sentence; (4) Sentence conversion method is suitable for the case that the original text uses interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions with ambiguous meanings, and the topic requires clear expression.

(5) the hero's judgment in the article:

Principle: It must be based on the theme of this article. For example: Kong Yiji-Kong Yiji.

The "I" in prose (including essays, newsletters and general narratives) is equal to the author himself; The "I" in the novel is not equal to the author himself, but the character image created by the author through fiction on the basis of life.

(six) according to the feelings of reading the passage to talk about their own views or experiences:

1, in the first person;

2. In the form of 1+2 or 1+3, first summarize your opinions or experiences in one sentence, and then explain the reasons in two or three sentences. You can put the facts, or you can be reasonable. If the topic has relevant requirements, we should also pay attention to combining our own personal experience.

(seven) according to the context, fill in the psychological activities:

1, must use the first person; We must study the specific situation carefully.

(eight) according to the views put forward in the article to supplement the example:

1, you can give examples of celebrities, which are more convincing and show your knowledge, but you must write accurate people and things and avoid arrogance. 2, you can also give examples of people, you can make them up, but you should pay attention to realism, not too exaggerated, so that people can know at a glance that they are made up. 3. Format: people+examples+short comments

(9) Summary of the cases in this paper:

1, which must contain two elements: people+things;

2. Other elements, such as time (season, year), place, environment, etc., should be summarized if they have specific significance.

(10) Divide paragraphs and levels, and summarize the meaning of paragraphs and levels: We should pay attention to sorting out the clues of the article, and use transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words to express the changes of time and place in the article, and also pay attention to the order in which the characters appear.

(1 1) refining center and theme: Pay attention to the main content of this article, the purpose of the author's writing this article and the thoughts and feelings contained therein. Pay attention to some commonly used words, such as summarizing the main contents, which are generally used as follows: this article describes …, describes …, introduces …, passes through …, and so on. For example, summarizing the writing purpose and thoughts and feelings is generally used as: confession …, expression …, praise …, praise …, expose …, whip …, expose …

(twelve) the interpretation center of the judgment paragraph (interpretation content):

Answer:

1, physical description: description object+object characteristics.

2. Description: reasons (reasons, methods, principles, etc.). ) about ......

3. Project description: the operation, experiment or production process of the project.

(13) Understanding and distinguishing the functions of words in expository texts;

There are two main types of problems:

A, where is the word "××"?

★ Answer method: Use the word "××" to vividly (accurately) explain the characteristics of ...

B. Can the word "××" be deleted?

★ Answer method:

There is no way. Using the word "xx" vividly illustrates that ... can stimulate readers' interest and get rid of this influence.

2 No way, delete the word "xx" and the meaning of the sentence will become ..., which is too absolute; The use of the word "××" accurately explains ..., conforms to the actual situation, leaves room for it, and is scientific.

(14) Judgment of pronoun objects in paragraphs (various styles);

1, common pronouns are: this, that, these, those, other, above, so, this ...;

2. Generally look forward;

3. After finding it, read it in the sentence where the pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate.

(15) Explain the subjective questions in the text and their solutions:

It is important to show innovative consciousness and scientific spirit.

Main problems:

1, rewrite the content of the article concisely and accurately. For example, define things according to the prompts, deal with words and graphics, make the graphics literal, and simply summarize examples.

2. Make a reasonable supplement to the content of the article. Such as: adding a title, adding sentences in combination with the context, and supplementing the object of the article as required.

3. Take practice as an example. (Meet the requirements of paragraph description center)

4. Put forward reasonable suggestions and ideas for the phenomena described in this paper. (Be scientific and avoid making things up)

5. On the expressive features of language. (Consider the order, method and language features of interpreting the text)

(sixteen) to determine or refine the central argument and sub argument:

1. The form and position of the argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a relatively complete sentence in form. Location: ① the title, ② the beginning, ③ the end of the article, ④ during discussion (pay attention to the transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following), and ⑤ the expression is not concentrated and needs to be summarized.

2. When there are no ready-made sentences to express arguments, although there are some difficulties, there are ways to follow: we need to extract the core of the article on the basis of accurate understanding of the full text, accurately judge and refine the author's views according to the topics and arguments and referring to the problems that the author wants to solve, and then summarize them in his own words.

3. It should be noted that in some articles, there are more than one sentence expressing the meaning of the central argument, and comparison is needed to find the most concise sentence.

(seventeen) analysis of the relationship between arguments and arguments:

Answer: The argument in this article (paragraph) is …, and the arguments listed here are (facts or reasons) to prove this argument (negation or affirmation), …

(eighteen) identification and demonstration methods, analysis of its role:

1. To answer this kind of question, we need to clarify the concepts of several common argumentation methods, understand the differences between them, and then analyze the specific content in combination with the context.

2. How to answer the question: This (sentence) uses the method of ... to demonstrate ... (argument), which is ... (benefit).

(19) Imitate the sentence patterns that express arguments (sub-arguments) in the original text, and put forward one of my own views:

1. To answer such questions, we must first perceive the content of the article as a whole, then gain a unique experience according to the enlightenment of reading the article, and finally express it in a prescribed sentence pattern to form an argument (sub-argument).

2. This topic examines not only the ability of association, but also the ability of language expression, and also the ability to grasp the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments.

(20) Open reading questions:

In fact, this kind of test questions is to test students' perception of the selected text or important sentences. Students are required to combine reading with life, reading with writing, reading with learning methods, and reading with innovation. There are mainly the following aspects:

1, asking to talk about opinions, feelings and insights according to the selected materials;

2. Explain the understanding of the selected text content in combination with the actual situation;

3. Comment on the characters in the article;

4, according to the life and study experience, judge the advantages and disadvantages, and talk about their own unique views on the selected materials;

5. Put forward some reasonable suggestions and ideas about the phenomena described in this paper.

6, mobilize the accumulation of knowledge, from the inside out to investigate the extension of the selected materials and the connection between the inside and outside of the textbook (such as understanding the works of important writers, literary models and famous sentences in the works, etc.). );

7. Use association and imagination to fill in relevant contents;

8. Appreciate the artistic technique or aesthetic feeling in the text.

(twenty-one) argumentative reading knowledge and skills

First, the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

Second, demonstration methods: reasoning, example, comparison, quotation and metaphor.

Third, the way of argument: argument and rebuttal. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )

Four. 1. The functions of analysis and demonstration methods are as follows:

(1) Illustration: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.

Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.

Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.

3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand. Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison

④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding. Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….

⑤. Citation: Its function should be specifically analyzed. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, attracting readers to read)

2. Analysis of types and functions of argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: truth argumentation and fact argumentation. So the standard answer format is as follows: This is an argument, which plays the role of proof ... (Argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

3. The ways in which the article puts forward the central argument are as follows: ① The title of the article points out the central argument; ② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article; ③ The article ends with a central argument; (4) Put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence in the middle of the article. The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …

4. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.

The structure of a general argumentative essay: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (thesis)-solving problems (conclusion). In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.

The function of the beginning is: (1), to put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.

The function of the ending: (1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …; (2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...; (3) Appeal ... or exhort people ...; (4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. )

5. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative language:

There are only two angles to analyze the linguistic features of argumentative essays: (1) linguistic features; (2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.

6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.

(1), rhetoric: for example, metaphor can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid image; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poetry makes the article rich in literary talent.

(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.

(3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example and argument (narrative and discussion); (2), give priority to ... model law. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.

7. The function of paragraph structure: (1), leading out (all) below; (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.

If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:

(1), at the beginning, illustrate ... by writing examples, and put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...). (2) At the beginning, put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...) by quoting famous sayings. (3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.

For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 4: "The content at the end".

Knowledge and skills of expository reading

I. Classification 1. Description object: descriptive text of things and descriptive text of things. 2. From the perspective of language features: simple expository and vivid expository.

Second, the order of interpretation, chronological order, spatial order, logical order.

Specific analysis of logical order: subject-secondary, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part.

Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role?

Answer format: This paper uses the order of explanation to make the explanation more organized. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )

Third, the interpretation method 1, the common interpretation methods are: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, column number, column diagram, and quotation.

2, the role of common methods:

1. Example: Make the article more specific, more convincing, and better explain the characteristics of things.

2. Definition: Reveal the essential characteristics of things completely, scientifically and accurately, and distinguish them from other things.

3.No.: It explains the characteristics of … more scientifically, accurately and concretely. A series of digital sciences about the salt content of the Dead Sea in the Dead Sea Never Dies have accurately explained the reasons and characteristics of the high salt content and buoyancy of the Dead Sea. )

4. For example, it vividly illustrates ... (Stone arch bridge in China) The image of "Stone arch bridge is shaped like a rainbow" vividly illustrates the shape characteristics of stone arch bridge. )

5. Classification: the organization clearly explains ... ("March to the Desert" two ways that deserts harm human beings: guerrilla warfare and positional warfare)

6. Compare: highlight the characteristics of the things explained. (Answer should be combined with the content) Highlights ... (Looking for comparison points)

7. Make a chart: write intuitively ...

8. Interpretation: Explain some characteristics of things.

9. Imitation: (Similar description) is more vivid.

⑩ Quotation: Quotation has the following forms-

First, cite specific cases; (The function is the same as the example) B. Cite specific data; C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing. D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation. (The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )

Fourth, the language analysis of the explanatory text 1, the analysis of the whole language, generally from two angles: a, accuracy; B, vivid or concise.

This is also the characteristic of general expository writing. B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language features of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example.

The format is as follows: This paper fully embodies the characteristics of accurate/vivid/concise language, such as the sentence "……", and accurately/vividly/concisely explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……".

2. The function of words can be examined in the following ways: A. What is the function of adding words? B, can you change the word? C. Add some words that can be deleted?

An analysis of explanatory writing of verbs (abbreviation of verb)

1. Talking about the mode in combination with the interpretation method: This paper mainly uses the interpretation method of … to explain … (content: the characteristics or reasons of things), thus explaining … (role: refer to the previous interpretation method to clarify its role).

2. Talk about the mode with figures of speech: This is a vivid exposition, which uses a lot of figures of speech to explain … (content), making the explanation of the article vivid.

3. Combine narrative, description and expression to make the explanation more specific; Expressing opinions makes explanations more emotional. Then, from this point of view, the format of explanatory text is as follows: this paper comprehensively uses a variety of expressions, in addition to explanation, there are … (from "narrative, description, explanation and discussion" according to the content), such as … (specific examples), which makes the explanation more specific/emotional by using … (expression).

Sixth, explain the function of paragraphs.

(1), structure, content and function: lead out the following, connect the preceding with the following, and summarize the full text/previous article. Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object of explanation/explaining things.

(2), combined with interpretation. A method of explaining (a feature or thing). ....

Narrative reading knowledge and skills

2. Six elements of narrative? The time, place, person, cause, course and result of the event.

3. Find a topic sentence? Look for lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph. 4. Content of the article (center)?

Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction.

Format: This article narrates (describes and explains) ... and displays (praises and reveals). ...

7. What are the narrative clues and functions?

Clues: (1) key people (2) key things (3) key events (4) time (5) place (6) author's emotion.

Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.

10. Narrative sequence and function? (1) The function of sequential narrative (according to the sequence of events): The narrative has a beginning and an end, and it is clear and impressive to read. (2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. ) function: create suspense, attract readers, avoid monotonous narration and enhance the vividness of the article. (3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )

Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.

1 1. Language features? Choose from the following sentences by combining context and rhetorical methods: vivid, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious in phonology and strong in rhythm. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences.

12. Writing skills and functions?

(1) personification: endow things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, personify things, and thus achieve vivid images.

(2) The role of metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.

(3) The role of exaggeration: highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.

4) The function of symbol: to give specific meaning to the things described, to express the feelings of ... and to enhance the expressive force of the article.

(5) The role of contrast: through contrast, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.

(6) Set-off (side contrast): Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.

(7) The function of satire: Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.

(8) The role of wanting to promote before restraining: first belittle and then praise the object described, and the context forms a contrast, highlighting the object written, and receiving unexpected touching effects.

(9) The role of front and back care (echo from beginning to end): make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.

(10) suspense function: arouse readers' attention and thinking, arouse readers' interest in reading, and make the plot of the article tortuous.

13. Rhetoric methods and functions (1) own functions; (2) Combined with sentence context.

1, figuratively personified: vivid; Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.

2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ; Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.

3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking; Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics; Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.

4. Contrast: emphasize … highlight … 5. Repeat: emphasize ... emphasize the tone.

16. What is the function of sentences in the structure?

(1) connecting the preceding with the following (2) opening, leading down (leading down) (3) connecting the preceding with the following (transition) (4) laying the foundation (5) managing the following (beginning).

17. Express narration, discussion, explanation, lyricism and description

18. The function of exposition in narrative can arouse readers' thinking, point out the significance of characters or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the role of making the finishing point.

19. The lyrical function in narrative expresses the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouses the readers' emotions and makes the article have strong appeal. 20. What is the type and function of description?

(1) Portrait Description (2) Appearance Description (3) Manner Description (4) Action Description (5) Language (Dialogue) Description (7) Psychology Description (8) Scenery Description (9) Scene Description (10) Environment Description (1/kloc)

The function of scenery description: (1) Explain the background (2) Promote the plot development (3) Render the atmosphere (4) Highlight the character's personality (5) Contrast the character's mood. What are the types and functions of the environment?

(1) The natural environment explains the time and place of the story and the space of the characters' activities, which sets off the emotions of the characters. (2) The social environment explains the social background and characteristics of the times, sets off the characters' personalities, promotes the plot development and reveals the theme of the article.

Subjective reading of modern Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination (generally literary works with certain reading difficulty and reliability, mainly prose, followed by novels) has always been the bottleneck for students to take the senior high school entrance examination for Chinese. Whether students can answer such questions in a standardized way basically determines the level of students' Chinese achievements. Fear of difficulties, long-term frustration, and inadequate answering methods put many students in an awkward position and often sigh at Wen.

Some senior teachers believe that copying the original answer is the best policy, summarizing the original answer is the middle policy, and leaving the original answer is the worst policy. But in fact, leaving the original answer is often a common answer method in the senior high school entrance examination. You need to master literature and writing knowledge to answer the questions smoothly. Throughout the examination papers in recent years, the types of questions can be roughly divided into several categories: language rhetoric, layout planning, expression techniques, induction points, characters and so on. After the author's in-depth study, it is found that there are rules to be found. This paper makes an empirical analysis of the solutions to the reading questions of literary works in the senior high school entrance examination.