While exposing the evils of the ruling class, the author shows more love and sympathy for the people. The object of the ruling class's criminal behavior is the working people, and the author is also one of the victims. When he resorted to writing, he reflected the voice of the working people and was worthy of being the spokesman of the people.

In "seeing off the cypress" and "The Bachelor", the author chanted "When discussing the Golden Gate, each will block his life", which shows the author's love for the people. There is also a fiery heart of "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years and sighing in the intestines" ("Singing 500 words"), which fully shows the people's love for the people. There are also "there are thousands of buildings in Ande, which is a great refuge for all the poor in the world, and it will not move in the wind and rain!" Oh! When did you suddenly see this house? It is enough for me to freeze to death alone! "This spirit of sacrificing oneself for the happiness of the poor in the world has a lofty demeanor that can shine through the ages.

With the poem "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death", the author profoundly exposes the contradiction between the exploiters and the exploited classes in feudal society, and at the same time expresses deep sympathy for the people, such as "the rich man's kitchen stinks and the bones on the battlefield are white". ("Drive the vertical shaft to pick the gray") "The situation is everywhere, men and women are different, and they love to rent mediocrity" and so on. All these are full of the author's infinite sympathy and love for the people. When writing about people's great sufferings, the author always has a warm heart of care, suffering for people's sufferings, and clamoring for tax reduction for people's sufferings. Even after thousands of years, we can still feel the temperature of his fiery heart and warm our hearts at the same time.

Second, the artistic features of expressing patriotic thoughts in Du Fu's poems;

The patriotic thought in Du Fu's poems is not expressed by preaching, but by skillful artistic skills. His poetry style is diverse and comprehensive, which is not only ideological but also artistic, and it is the perfect unity of ideological and artistic.

In many artistic techniques, realism is the greatest achievement in a big way. This is closely related to the poet's unique life experience. Most of his poems are based on people's real life and are closely related to social reality. In addition, the author himself has a deep personality, profound thoughts and sincere feelings, and has suffered a lot. The best way to express his inner feelings is to adopt realism. Therefore, it is a prominent feature of Du Fu's artistic expression to be good at making a typical artistic summary of real life with typicality. The author's patriotic thought has also been well reflected in this way.

1, good at concise artistic summary of real life with typical methods.

It can be seen from the poet's many famous sentences that the author is good at selecting the most representative from many things, extracting the essence from many phenomena, excavating the meaning, concentrating and summarizing, and reflecting the general through individuals, thus showing the author's patriotic thought.

For example, in the Stone Trencher, the old woman's tragic experience caused by military service in frequent wars, such as "one person attached a book, two people died in the new war" and "the dawn of the future, only the old man is left", although it only reflects the destruction of a family, it actually reflects the common fate of thousands of families in Qian Qian during the war and the author's suffering to the people. When they set off, the mayor wrapped them in headscarves. Now their headscarves are white and they are still on the border. " This tragic experience of joining the army at the age of fifteen and crossing the border with a bald head is also the same fate of Qian Qian's thousands of conscripts and soldiers, and the author's love and sympathy for the people is also reflected in it.

There is even a famous saying, "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the road freezes to death", which has been shocking for thousands of years. The reason is that it makes a high artistic summary of the dark and unreasonable social phenomena in real life, and pokes the basic contradiction of feudal society-the serious gap between the rich and the poor between the landlord class and the peasant class. The extravagance of the feudal landlord class is in serious opposition to the phenomenon of food shortage, people's poverty and hunger of the peasant class. The author's criticism is directed at the whole ruling class, and his deep love and sympathy for the working people, the exploited class, is correspondingly expressed incisively and vividly. This is the most powerful embodiment of the author's concise artistic generalization of real life by using typicality, from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general.

2, there is a fine technique in the rough, and the thick technique is seen in the fine.

Throughout many of Du Fu's poems, there are often rough descriptions of magnificent artistic conception and detailed descriptions. The unity of the combination of thickness and fineness just expresses the author's broad patriotic thought and meticulous sympathy for the people.

For example, "Spring Hope", "Although the country is broken, the mountains and rivers last forever, the city sees the vegetation deeply", focusing on a country and mountains, and then depicting the depth of vegetation growth with meticulous brushwork. Cities in spring are actually overgrown with weeds. The author's inner pain can be imagined for the bleak scene of the country's destruction and death, and the meticulous brushwork of "the petals are like tears, and the lonely bird sings grief" all sets off the patriotic feelings of the author who shed tears for the country's destruction and death. In this poem, there are details in the rough, and the technique of seeing the rough in detail has played a very good lyric role.

In addition, in the "Car Shop", the author outlined the grand scene of the whole conscription team with the thick lines of "Car supports, Ma Xiaoxiao, each of you has a bow and an quiver on your belt", and then described it with a detail of "No matter what requirements are put forward to them, soldiers dare to extend their hatred", prompting the painful psychology of soldiers who dare to speak out, which well reveals the attitude of the feudal ruling class towards it. The rough brush highlights the huge team and the large number of recruits, while the fine brush reminds us of the cruel reality of being forced to join the army. The unity of this combination of thickness and fineness points the criticism at the cruel oppression of the ruling class, and the author's hatred of the evil of the ruling class and sympathy for the people are well expressed.

3. Incorporate subjective feelings into objectively described things.

The technique adopted by the author is mainly realism. When the author objectively reflects the real life, he often writes the objective reality truthfully without making subjective comments, but the author's praise and criticism are integrated into the objective things. The author's love for the country and hatred for the evil of the ruling class are all integrated into the objective description.

For example, as described in Military Vehicle Shop, "You don't know, and in Wancun, nothing grows, and there is a Han family in one or two hundred states of Shandong", "You can't see Qinghai Head at all, and you can't see the forgotten old bones at all". These terrible scenes are completely described by a "pedestrian", and the author does not comment, but conveys the author's hatred of cruel military service in frequent wars, and also emerges the author's sympathy for the tragic experience of the people.

Another example is "their embroidered silk robes are shining in the spring sun, carrying a large group of golden peacocks and silver unicorns" in both places. Far from their temples, emerald leaves hung down his temples and lips. Behind them is a train full of pearls, rhythmically following the bearers. "These poems only describe Yang Yuhuan's clothes and behavior in detail, without condemnation, but the criticism of Yang Guifei's extravagance and waste is naturally conveyed from the poems.

In the Stone Trencher, the author objectively describes what he saw and heard and what the old woman told him, and objectively reappears the tragic experience of the old woman's family in front of the readers, but the author does not comment on it and only lets the readers feel it. Readers will naturally hate the cruel military service, and the experience of the old woman will make readers feel pity. The author's feelings have been completely integrated into the objective description.

4. The tendency to talk about poetry.

Du Fu regards discussion as an important expression of poetry, which conveys and shows the author's patriotic thought of "worrying about the country and the people", and this technique has been successfully applied to a large number of poems. It cannot be said that this is a bold innovation of the author.

There are various discussion techniques in the author's patriotic poems, which can be freely used in various poetic styles. When expressing the author's own views on reality, we can feel the warmth of the author's great heart that cares about the country and the people.

For example, in the famous poem "Sing 500 words" in five-character ancient poetry, the author first describes the painful reality that "the youngest son is hungry and dead", and then sends out the good wishes of "rent-free and tax-free forever, not for the sake of conquering", and then makes people feel the true feelings of loving the people. This narrative-based argument, well-founded, glad you came, makes the author's thoughts and feelings of loving the people get a good sustenance. Seven words, in the recent "general", "Why do you only worry about the country and answer Kaiping?" In the sentence, the author condemns many ruling class generals who only want to be comfortable and enjoy themselves, but they are not loyal to the country, and they only care about personal enjoyment and ignore the national disaster.

In the seven-character ancient poem "The Hut was Blown by Autumn Wind", the author described the miserable scene of extreme poverty in his family, and then made a comment that "there are thousands of spacious buildings, and the poor in the world are happy". People feel that this argument comes from the heart, and it is associated with the suffering of all the poor people in the world from their own education. It is conceivable to care about and love the people.

5. The language of Du Fu's poems is refined and vigorous.

Du Fu's own profound thoughts, in-depth insights and high generalization power, coupled with his ambition of "creating beautiful sentences for human nature, and the words that are not surprising are endless", his poetic language has a refined and rich language, expressing the author's strong patriotic thoughts.

"The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the bones on the road freeze to death" is a typical example. The author vividly shows the extravagance and waste of the feudal ruling class with a word "smelly". The basis of their extravagance and waste must be the cruel exploitation and oppression of the people, which led to the tragic scene that the people were in poverty and the roads were frozen to death. In just ten words, the evil of the ruling class is highlighted, and the author's love and hate are also revealed. It can be said that it is a concise and powerful Chinese model. Even after thousands of years, it still shakes our hearts. Poetry in this language appears in large numbers in many of the author's poems. For example, the words "nine temples burn in the top, ten thousand people get sores in the bottom", "top" and "bottom" in Zhuang You are full of the author's concern for the country and the people, and the rise and fall of the country and the sufferings and joys of the people are all the things that the author is most concerned about. The author's language is concise and powerful, full of patriotic thoughts and feelings.

Thirdly, the influence and significance of Du Fu's patriotic thought and artistic expression on later generations;

To sum up, Du Fu's patriotic thoughts and artistic techniques of "worrying about the country and the people" have influenced generations of poets and writers. His patriotic thought has played a positive educational role in the whole historical process of China, which can be described as "shining for generations". His concentrated artistic expression has become an inexhaustible artistic treasure house for later generations, nourishing and irrigating countless poets and writers. His poetry is a peak of realism in the history of China literature, and his influence can always set an example for future generations.

(1) Tribute: presenting letters or asking for help for officials to their superiors.

(2) Selected from Wei Zuocheng's Twenty-two Rhymes, the whole sentence is an ideal service for the people of the country.

③ Kongtong: the name of the mountain, in Pingliang West, Gansu, the birthplace of Jinghe River.

Tianzhu: a pillar supporting the sky in myths and legends. I'm worried about the decline of the country.

⑤ ⑵: Sales.

⑥ Tongting: Both the imperial court and the imperial palace in the Han Dynasty painted with vermicelli, which is called "Tongting". Later refers to the palace.

⑦ Aggregation: Aggressive expropriation. Chengque: Originally a building on the city gate, it refers to the capital and the imperial court.

8 poor years: all the year round. Ethan: Ordinary people.

Pet-name ruby river defense: At that time, Tubo invaded the right side of the river and recruited troops from Hexi and Guanzhong to defend against autumn, so the clouds defended the river.

Attending farming: Reclaim farmland. When there is no war, you plow, and when there is something, you fight.