However, on the surface, the competition of manufacturing industry is the competition between the state and enterprises, but in the final analysis, it is the competition of talents. For an enterprise, the most precious thing is not only the fixed assets, but also the assets that can be used for operation. Therefore, in this rapidly changing era, talents have become the key to seize the future.
However, the gap of employees in China's automobile industry is getting bigger and bigger. According to the "20 19-2022 China auto industry talent market in-depth investigation and future development trend report" issued by the new Esprit Industry Research Center, the demand gap of employees in China auto industry has increased from 20 181700,000 to 198000. The lack of talents further leads to the fault of talents. China automobile seems to be developing rapidly, and its sales volume is increasing rapidly, but its talent utilization rate is not high.
Taking the patents of driverless parts representing the future automobile industry as an example, Bosch in Germany has become a high-quality enterprise in the field of driverless automobile parts manufacturing with 482 patents. Ericsson and mainland companies rank equally in the field of large-scale auto parts, with 1 17 and 88 pieces respectively; From the perspective of national distribution, Germany and Japan still hold the core weight of driverless parts, but the number of patents that the automobile industry values more and the export sales of China have not greatly improved.
Industrial transformation is a problem that the whole world is facing. Why is there no such problem in Germany? Let's turn our eyes to Germany, the birthplace of automobiles, and see how they respond to industrial changes.
Education in the birthplace of automobiles
How to understand the talent gap? The first is the lack of talents, which leads to the talent gap in the professional field and has no continuity. What is talent? A simple understanding is the talents who can promote enterprises and help them develop. From this perspective, there is no talent gap in Germany.
"Book of Rites University" once said: "The way of a university is to be well-known and close to the people, and stop at perfection." Although university here refers to adult learning, or learning in a broad sense, it is more appropriate to understand it as university education here.
As the key to cultivating talents, universities are not only the key to help students transform into talents, but also provide powerful help to society. The training of German talents is very different from that of China. German universities are in sharp contrast with those in China. German universities are easier to test than China University. Combining leniency with severity is the characteristic of China University, but in Germany it is just the opposite.
"The university has been chosen, and every day is the college entrance examination." This sentence refers to the famous German technical university of munich. As the leader of engineering universities in the world, it is the biggest heart for supplying blood to the German automobile industry, which not only ensures the development of the German automobile industry, but also is the key for the German automobile industry to avoid faults.
To sum up, the reason why Germany maintains its strong strength in manufacturing industry is inseparable from its leading position in the field of education, which is not only in technology, but also in system. These advantages are also reflected in many details, such as textbooks and experimental equipment that college students have the most contact with.
"In the IT industry where technology is updated every day, textbooks in universities still stay at the level of the 1980s!" "After the big German companies settled in China, the biggest headache is the training of employees, because these new employees are all from universities and cannot get started immediately." At the third Sino-German Forum on Cultivating High-level Applied Talents, many experts at home and abroad criticized that the textbooks of applied disciplines in colleges and universities were too backward and needed to innovate in curriculum and training methods.
The three major courses of vehicle engineering, automobile structure, automobile design and automobile theory, are mostly based on chassis and power system. Others, such as indoor and outdoor decoration, are almost all involved, and the field of body design is only available in individual universities such as Jilin University. "I didn't know there was a thing called' division' until I worked, and there was a very important major called general drawing." A student of China 985 University said this.
The curriculum of China University is seriously inconsistent with the division of automobile major in the actual industry, which leads to a long and long re-learning process for students after graduation. However, in German universities, taking technical university of munich as an example, the textbooks are updated almost every six months, which means that even a major learns different things every year. The advantage of this is that students have learned the latest technology and used the latest experimental equipment, even better than those used by enterprises.
Why can German universities have such high status and funds? In fact, you can't live without a guy named Germany? Forschungsgemeinschaft, abbreviated as DFG (German Science Foundation), provides about 654.38+0.3 billion euros annually to fund research projects in various scientific fields and promote cooperation among scientists.
Although there is such a foundation in China, there is such a goal in DFG: let the German automobile industry lead the world for ten years. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, DFG will maintain the leading position in German automobile industry in all aspects, including the cultivation of university talents.
When the textbook of China University was old and universal, the principle of carburetor and synchronizer was still being discussed in automobile construction. There are many methods to calculate dynamic performance in automobile theory, and there are also many methods to calculate transmission ratio and braking force in automobile design, but it does not mean that automobile design should meet laws and regulations such as low-speed collision. The automobile major in German universities has been studying how to improve the combustion ratio of internal combustion engines, and the use of vehicle coordinate system is closer to the actual scene.
For another example, when many people are still questioning whether the content of the university really needs to be comprehensive, when China's automobile design still stays in the design concept itself, as one of the best design schools in the world, ACCD(Art? Center? University? Yes? Design) There is a textbook called H Point, which introduces the classification of vehicle types, what is the coordinate system, what is the ground wire, how to mark and so on.
China's automobile industry lost to Germany, Europe and America at the first step from university.
The disease is in the bone marrow, and the life of the company belongs to it.
Just five days after Hainan Clean Energy Vehicle Development Plan was released, Zhou Haijun, an internal combustion engine major at Dalian University of Technology, knew that he had chosen the wrong major. When he learned that he was a junior, he could hardly change his major, and his future was even more bleak. He called home and asked his parents to find a better opportunity in their hometown.
This is not a joke, but a true story, and it is a signal that the job market transmits new ability demand to higher education. With the rapid development of economy and society and the rapid change of professional demand, students trained by traditional single major education do not have flexible employment ability. Enterprises are more inclined to hire graduates with interdisciplinary knowledge background and literacy, the ability to adapt to changes and diverse environments, and the ability to meet the needs of wide-caliber occupations.
The job market has new social expectations for the cultivation of higher education talents, but China University has not made corresponding countermeasures. Let's take a look at how universities in Europe and America face such changes.
In Germany, taking engineering universities as an example, it is very common to change majors, but it is limited to engineering. German universities pay more attention to the comprehensiveness of a graduate. As long as you have high credits and want to change many interdisciplinary courses, you can apply to change majors or even schools.
"In domestic schools, administrative power is too strong, but in technology-oriented Germany, administrative power will not become an obstacle."
Compared with undergraduate courses, the training of master's degree and doctor's degree is more important, and there are great differences between Germany and China. In China, the key criterion for master's and doctoral degrees is thesis. "Either it is very advanced technology research and development, it is difficult to produce actual results, or it is too grounded and meaningless research. The fault phenomenon in China's automobile professional research is very obvious. "
In Germany, master's degree and doctor's degree don't necessarily need papers, but the professor thinks that you can graduate if you can graduate. Therefore, the position of professor has become the first gatekeeper of talent transfer. Judging from the current leading level of German automobile industry, this gatekeeper can be said to be quite competent.
Professors in German universities are different from those we understand. In addition to being promoted from universities, more are job-hopping from enterprises to schools. Well-known German enterprises have the opportunity to become university professors at the age of 50-55. Because in Germany, professors have a high social status, although their salaries will be reduced, they will spend more time than when they are in enterprises.
The advantage of this is that for schools and students, they can learn from such professors, understand the most advanced technology of automobile enterprises at present, and narrow the distance between enterprises, schools and students. 20 17，MAI？ The carbon company conducted a research on carbon fiber technology, which was supported by the German federal government. The project leader is Professor Klaus from technical university of munich? In drexler, this project is not only supported by 80 million euros, but also favored by German auto giants such as BMW and Audi.
School-enterprise linkage does not stop there. Those prestigious German schools have excellent talent programs every year. Talents who can join this program can enter the internship of famous German enterprises after graduation, and the rotation period is 2 years, 3 months to 6 months, and the senior leaders of this enterprise serve as their mentors.
One-on-one communication allows real management students to cultivate their thinking, so that these people can enter key positions in enterprises after two-year internship, and avoid what we call talent gap in enterprises.
With the cooperation of government, schools and universities, students can become useful talents in enterprises as soon as they leave school and set foot on society. Judging from the education of Chinese universities and enterprises, there are still many places that can be improved. This is not just "illness in phlegm, soup in ironing." In the skin, the needle stone is also within reach; In the stomach, fire is within reach; "The problem of China's automobile industry lies in the bone marrow, and the life of the company belongs to the bone marrow.
Can't help it? Actually, it is not. Our car companies and schools in China are also constantly changing. "Now our people go to the University of Waterloo and will be recommended to study in local car companies. If you want to be international, you must be international. Technology, finance and management are internationalized, and talents may have an international route. " A senior executive of a domestic car company told reporters.
Although China's university education is not as good as German's, it is constantly changing, and China's automobile talent training is also developing to a better place. "To learn machinery, we should learn mechatronics, learn mechatronics to develop digitally, and digitalization to develop intelligently. Interdisciplinary subjects are necessary. Unless there is a breakthrough revolution in materials, machinery has come to an end. " This is the advice of a tutor who returned from overseas and held a high position in a domestic car company to all those who love cars and choose cars as their careers.
Cross-disciplinary, increase the linkage between enterprises and schools, which is the key for German automobile industry to win in the first step, and it is also the most needed point for China automobile industry. When the connection between education and enterprises is established, it will be possible for China's automobile industry to compete with German, European and American, and we will be able to overcome the difficulties.
This article is taken from the cover story of the June issue of Automobile Commune magazine.
Text/Lin Jiahao
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This article comes from car home, the author of the car manufacturer, and does not represent car home's position.