In ordinary daily life, everyone has the experience of writing papers, which is no stranger. With the help of papers, we can discuss problems and conduct academic research. I believe many people will find it difficult to write a paper. The following is a summary of how to write a document in my paper for your reference only. Let's have a look.
How to write a literature review of 1 is to comprehensively analyze, summarize and comment on the current research situation (including main academic viewpoints, previous research achievements and research level, debate focus, existing problems and possible reasons, etc.). ), determine the new level, new trends, new technologies, new discoveries and development prospects of this research field after the topic selection. It requires the author not only to comprehensively sort out and state the main points of the materials he has consulted, but also to make a more professional, comprehensive, in-depth and systematic discussion and corresponding evaluation of the comprehensively sorted documents according to his own understanding and understanding, rather than just "piling up" academic research in related fields.
Literature review is a style different from research papers, which is composed of understanding, sorting, comprehensive analysis and evaluation after researchers read the literature on a certain topic in advance.
Searching and reading literature is an important prerequisite for writing a review. The quality of the review depends largely on the author's mastery of the latest literature related to this topic. If you don't do a good job in literature retrieval and reading, you will never write a high-level summary.
A good literature review can not only lay a solid theoretical foundation and provide an extension opportunity for the writing of the next dissertation, but also show the author's comprehensive ability to summarize, analyze and sort out the existing research literature, thus helping to improve the overall evaluation of the level of the dissertation.
Lawrence March and Brenda McIvo put forward a six-step model of literature review in How to do a good job of literature review-six-step success method, which divided the process of literature review into six steps: selecting a theme, searching for literature, conducting argumentation, literature research, literature review and writing summary.
Literature review can be divided into basic literature review and advanced literature review according to different research purposes. The summary of basic literature is to summarize and evaluate the existing knowledge of related research topics in order to state the status of existing knowledge; Advanced literature review is to review relevant literature after selecting research interests and topics, establish research topics, and then put forward further research, thus establishing research projects.
Correlation format
Generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: abstract, introduction, theme and references.
This is because the research papers focus on research methods, results, trends and progress.
Abstract and keywords
The abstract is limited to 200 words. To be independent and self-sufficient, there should be no charts, long formulas, unknown symbols and abbreviations. You must give 3-5 keywords after the abstract, and use semicolon ";" Should be used in the middle. Separate.
introduce
The introduction part mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts, definitions and the scope of review, and briefly explains the research status or debate focus of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text. The preface should use concise words to explain the purpose and necessity of writing, the definition of related concepts, the scope of review, the present situation and trend of related issues, and the focus of debate on major issues. The preface is generally 200-300 words, not more than 500 words.
In the introduction (or introduction, introduction) part of the abstract, the following contents should be clearly written:
(1) First of all, explain the purpose of writing, and make clear the topics, problems and research fields of the review.
(2) Point out the general trend of published literature on review topics, and explain the definitions of related concepts.
(3) It is necessary to define the scope of the review, including the subject scope and time range involved in the special topic, and to specify the starting and ending years of the cited documents, as well as the standards for interpreting, analyzing, comparing and organizing the review order of the documents.
(4) Briefly explain the current situation or the focus of debate about the relevant issues, and lead to the core theme of the written abstract, which is the most concerned and interesting for readers, and also the main line of writing the abstract.
Theme part
The theme part is the main body of the comment. There are many ways to write, and there is no fixed format. It can be summarized according to the time sequence of publication, different questions and different viewpoints. No matter which format is adopted, the collected documents should be summarized, sorted, analyzed and compared, and the historical background, present situation and development direction of the summary theme established in the introduction part and the comments on these issues should be made clear. In the theme part, we should pay special attention to the quotations and comments of representative, scientific and creative documents. The subject content can be flexibly arranged according to the review type.
The hierarchical title of the theme should be short and clear, limited to 15 words, without punctuation. The hierarchical division and numbering of the theme should use Arabic numerals (excluding the introduction), generally using two levels, the third level is marked with brackets (), and the middle is numbered.
The illustrations should be carefully selected and self-evident, and should not be repeated with the words and tables in the text. The order and names of the drawings should be displayed below the illustrations.
Tables should be carefully designed, simple in structure, easy to operate, self-evident, and the content should not be repeated with the text and illustrations. The table should be a three-line table, and auxiliary lines can be added appropriately, but diagonal lines and vertical lines cannot be used. The order and name of the form should be indicated at the top of the form.
Writing is the focus of review, and writing has no fixed format. As long as the comprehensive content can be better expressed, the author can creatively adopt various forms. The text mainly includes two parts: argumentation and argumentation. By asking questions, analyzing and solving problems, we can compare different scholars' views on the same problem and their theoretical basis, and further clarify the context of the problem and the author's own views. Of course, the author can also put forward different views from the historical background, present situation and development direction of the problem. The body part can be divided into several subheadings according to the content. Summary is a brief summary of the main body of the comment. The author should make a comprehensive evaluation of various viewpoints, put forward his own views, and point out the existing problems and the direction and prospect of future development. A simple summary can also be omitted.
refer to
References are an important part of the review. The number of general references can reflect the breadth and depth of the author's reading. Different magazines have different requirements on the number of references for review papers, generally less than 30 articles are appropriate, with the latest documents in 3-5 years as the main ones.
Descriptive format of academic papers and references
1. Monograph: [serial number] author. Title [M]. Version (1 version is not recorded). Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Start and end page numbers.
2. Journal: [serial number] author. Title [J] Publication name, year, volume (issue): page number.
3. Proceedings of the conference (or compilation): [serial number] author, title [A], editor, name of proceedings [C], place of publication: publishing house, year of publication, starting and ending page numbers.
4. Dissertation: [serial number] author. Title [D] Address of degree conferring: degree conferring unit and year.
5. Patent: [serial number] Patent applicant. Patent name [P]. Patent country (or region): patent number and date of publication.
6. Scientific report: [serial number] author. Report title [R]. Number and place of publication: publisher and year of publication. Start and end page numbers.
7. Standard: [serial number] standard number, standard name. Date of promulgation.
8. Newspaper article: [serial number] author. Title. Name of newspaper, year-month-day (edition).
9. Electronic document: [serial number] Principal. Title of electronic document [identification and carrier type of electronic document]. Source or available address, date of publication or update/date of reference of the electronic document (optional).
10. Various undefined files: [serial number] Principal. Document title [Z]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.
Matters needing attention
1, the collection of files should be as complete as possible. Mastering a large number of comprehensive documents is the premise of writing a good summary, otherwise it is impossible to write a summary by collecting a little information casually.
2. Pay attention to the representativeness, reliability and scientificity of the cited documents. There may be similar views in the collected documents, and the reliability and scientificity of some documents are not the same, so we should pay attention to choosing representative, reliable and scientific documents when quoting documents.
3. Cite documents faithfully. Because the literature review has the author's own comments and analysis, it is necessary to distinguish the author's point of view from the content of the literature when writing, and not to tamper with the content of the literature. There are not many references. Literature review writers sometimes see the phenomenon of quoting indirect literature. If the author quotes other people's references, it is better not to quote them indirectly.
4. References cannot be omitted. Some scientific research papers can omit references, but the literature review must not be omitted, and it should be the literature cited in the paper, which can reflect the whole theme and the author can read it directly.
5. Don't make a long summary. Magazine editorial departments generally have a certain number of words to review manuscripts. When the author writes a summary for the first time, he often doesn't pay attention to this point, which leads to more empty talk and cliché s, and the focus is not prominent. The summary should generally not exceed 4000 words. Summary is not a simple literature list, but must be summarized by the author himself. Some comments just list the literature, which looks like a running account, without the author's own synthesis and analysis, which makes people feel repetitive and confused, and the materials and comments are not harmonious.
6. Some authors seem to regard the introduction of the paper as a form and a dispensable part, and separate the writing of the introduction from the writing of the text just to add a hat to the paper. It is a common phenomenon to discuss the importance of research in general, even from the position of the industries involved in technology in the national economy, just like the leader's speech. It is the theme of research, and it is also from macro to micro, staying in general terms. Obviously, as a result, readers can't accurately judge the specific value of "thesis proposition", and they also lack the summary and introduction of the research status quo. I wonder what is the difference between the author's research and previous research work? Therefore, the introduction of scientific papers must explain the background of research work and generally discuss the current situation of research problems. The discussion of the research status is not only to examine the author's possession and familiarity with the materials, but more importantly, to judge the significance and value of the research work and the credibility of the research results from the comprehensive degree and the old and new degree of the materials.
7. Citations are listed and lack of analysis and generalization. The introduction should not only reflect the breadth of the background, but also examine the author's understanding of the research background. Generally speaking, the author has no deep understanding of the problem studied. When introducing the current research situation, he often lists a large number of references, lists different practices and conclusions of different researchers, lacks the author's analysis and induction, fails to summarize the research results and existing problems, and some even list some documents that are not directly related to this research, unilaterally emphasizing the richness of information possession. Although some people think that different magazines have different requirements for the introduction of research status, from the perspective of paper writing, the purpose of introduction is to explain the significance of the thesis proposition, not to summarize the research data, although summary provides convenience for readers to find information. Therefore, we should use the author's own language to summarize the current research situation, especially the existing difficulties and shortcomings, thus leading to the theme of the paper.
Literature review on how to write papers II. Literature review is the abbreviation of literature review, which refers to a systematic and comprehensive description and comment on the research achievements, existing problems and new development trends of the studied problems (disciplines and topics) in a certain period of time on the basis of comprehensively collecting and reading a large number of relevant research documents. "Comprehensive" means collecting the words of "a hundred schools of thought contend" and comprehensively analyzing and sorting them out; "Narration" is to describe and comment on the viewpoints and conclusions of the literature by combining the author's viewpoints and practical experience. Its purpose is not to list the articles that may be found, but to synthesize and evaluate these materials based on their own papers on the basis of determining relevant materials. A successful literature review, with its systematic analysis and evaluation and well-founded trend prediction, can provide strong support and demonstration for the establishment of new topics.
First, the role and purpose of literature review
Literature review should aim at a certain research topic and explore the current academic achievements. Literature review aims to integrate the information that has been thought and studied in the specific field of this research topic, and systematically display, summarize and comment on the efforts made by authoritative scholars on this topic. Before deciding on the research topic of a paper, we usually pay attention to several questions: how much do we know about this topic in the research field or other fields; What research has been completed; Whether the previous suggestions and countermeasures were successful; Have you suggested new research directions and topics? In short, literature review is the basis of all reasonable research.
Most graduate students don't consider these problems, just discuss the literature directly, and simply quote or classify the existing literature found in a short time without criticism. Even has nothing to do with the feasibility and necessity of the paper research.
In fact, the purpose of review is to see what exploratory research is, so we should actively expand the sources of research literature. Only in this way can we increase the hypotheses and variables of the study and improve the design of the study.
The basic purposes of literature review are at least: to familiarize readers with the progress and predicament of related research in the existing research disciplines; Provide thinking for the follow-up researchers: whether the future research can find more meaningful and meaningful results; To explain the positions of various theories, we can put forward different conceptual frameworks; As the basis of new hypothesis and research idea, the possible explanation of a phenomenon and behavior; Identify the assumptions between concepts and learn how others define and measure key concepts; Improve and criticize the shortcomings of existing research, introduce alternative research, explore new research methods and ways, and verify other related research.
In a word, research literature can not only help to determine the research topic, but also find out different views on the research problem. Published research reports and academic papers are important sources of problems, and reviewing papers will provide valuable information and examples of research feasibility.
Second, the common problems in literature review
Literature review can help new researchers to innovate on the basis of existing knowledge, so when writing this chapter, we should explain to readers the differences between the paper and previous studies. The research on this kind of subject is a new and important academic subject. However, graduate students are prone to make the following four mistakes in the process of writing literature review:
1. Many articles are listed and piled up.
I mistakenly think that the purpose of literature review is to show my understanding of other related studies. As a result, many literature reviews do not focus on the problems studied, but become a list of reading experiences.
2. Give up the right to learn and criticize easily.
In China's colleges and universities, most of our students are postgraduate students, so there is often a phenomenon that a large number of research results of their own tutors are cited without paying attention to the research results of other peers. Students are worried that their papers will fail, so they seldom criticize the shortcomings of their tutors' existing research. Students are more likely to give up the right to criticize when they meet famous teachers. As a result of quoting a large number of other people's works, each paragraph begins with who said it. As a result, my paper has become a verification report of the effectiveness of other people's research, and readers cannot believe that my paper has made important contributions.
3. Avoid and abandon research conflicts and find another way.
For research topics with more academic disputes, or when existing research conclusions are found to be contradictory, some graduate students' papers will avoid contradictions and conduct a research that they think is innovative. Giving up all these conflicts is actually giving up a lot of valuable information, and this so-called innovation, because it has no connection and comparison with any existing research, has no reference value and will be given up by future generations. In the face of uncoordinated or contradictory research, it is found that although it takes more time to deal with it, don't shy away from what is important or even give up on your own initiative. In fact, these disharmonies or conflicts are very valuable and should be used more. It is necessary to integrate the conflicts and contradictions in the existing literature. The new research has better and stronger explanatory power than the old research. One of the reasons is that new research will integrate and improve past gains.
4. Selectively explore the literature
Some graduate students do not systematically consult the existing research literature to find out suitable questions or predictable assumptions, but claim that some research lacks literature, thus admitting that their research is exploratory. If the existing literature is discussed selectively, the literature review will become a reflection of the subjective will of graduate students, which is an opportunistic review.
Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic and comprehensive literature review, seek, evaluate and integrate the evidence of scientific research with rigorous scientific design, and ensure the completeness and fairness of the literature review. We should correct the style of study, be brave in exploration and not avoid contradictions. Analyzing the causes, methods and conclusions of the conflict can lay a solid foundation for future research and papers.
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