An argumentative paper based on refutation is a refuting paper. Refutation paper often stands in the middle, that is, while refuting the wrong arguments of the other party, it puts forward its own correct views in a tit-for-tat manner. There are three ways to refute the wrong argument: 1. Refutation argument 2. Refute argument 3. Refute an argument The following is my opinion: critical essay is a common style of argumentative essay, which is especially valuable in criticizing and exposing some ugly social phenomena. There is actually a train of thought in writing such articles, that is, 1, listing phenomena, 2, showing disadvantages, 3, exploring the root causes, and 4, pointing out the way out. This paper tries to take the senior high school text and Mr. Lu Xun's masterpiece "Takeism" as an example to analyze this feature of the criticism. The first step: column phenomenon. List immoral phenomena in reality that hinder the healthy development of society. The typicality of case selection to alert people; The richness of the list, in order to arouse readers' * * *; The diversity of rhetoric can highlight literary talent and enhance momentum. For example, I just sent a batch of antiques to Paris for exhibition recently, and I don't know what will happen afterwards. There are also several "masters" holding several ancient paintings and new paintings and hanging them all the way in European countries, which is called "carrying forward the national light". I heard that Dr. Mei Lanfang will be sent to the Soviet Union to promote "symbolism" in the near future, and then he will go to Europe to preach. Step 2: Show the shortcomings. Every ugly phenomenon will cause more or less social losses. Some losses are obvious, which makes people despise and spit on; But after a long time, there will be some losses, and many people can't see the harm of this imagination, so it is necessary to reveal it, which requires writers not only to have a profound vision, but also to have the ability to foresee through phenomena. (this kind of blind delivery has caused the exhaustion of materials. Although some people say that digging underground coal is enough for the world to use for hundreds of years. But, hundreds of years later? Hundreds of years later, of course, we will become souls, or go to heaven or go to hell, but our children and grandchildren are still alive, so we should leave them some gifts. Otherwise, on the occasion of the festival ceremony, they get nothing, so they have to kowtow to each other and ask for some leftovers as a reward. This kind of reward should not be misunderstood as throwing things. It was thrown away. To put it mildly, it can be called "sending". I don't want to give examples here. Step 3: Explore the root cause. Looking at the problem from a philosophical perspective and a theoretical perspective shows the depth and breadth of thinking. But we were frightened by what was delivered. First, British opium, abandoned guns in Germany, then French gunpowder, American movies, and various Japanese gadgets printed with "completely domestic products". Therefore, even sober young people are disgusted with foreign goods. In fact, this is precisely because it is "sending" rather than "bringing". Step 4: Find a way. Have a long-term vision and strategic vision, and point out a way to solve the problem for readers. From the perspectives of education, government regulation and guidance, and severe punishment by law. So use your head, open your eyes and get it yourself! Anyway, we must take it with us. We want to use it, store it, or destroy it. Then, if the owner is a new owner, the house becomes a new one. However, first of all, this person should be calm, brave, discerning and not selfish. Without it, you can't be a newcomer. If you don't take it, literature and art can't become new literature and art. For another example, you can write the following outline: "Don't let the' hero' cry." The first layer: don't do it yourself, stop and restrict others; Seeing honor, jealousy and denigrating others: this is a typical performance of people who make' heroes' cry. The second layer: hurting others, making the hero feel like dying; Harm society and make society healthy and depressed. It is the danger of making the' hero' cry. The third layer: strong personal desire, strong jealousy, narrow-mindedness, and belief in "everyone for me" are the fundamental reasons for the tears of' heroes'. The fourth layer: we are not afraid of gossip, and we are opposed to being jealous of talents. This is our correct attitude towards this outrageous behavior; Strengthening moral education and protecting the rights and interests of heroes are the correct measures for us to deal with this outrageous behavior. The above is the author's thinking on refuting the writing of the paper. I hope that the majority of candidates can actively learn from them, show deep and long-term vision and far-sighted views in the examination room, and win the exam. Argumentation and refutation argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation in the way of argumentation. (1) Argumentative essay is an argument method to explain the author's views and opinions on some events or problems from the front. To write an argumentative essay, we should do the following: ① The argument should be correct and distinct. Correctness means that the argument itself should conform to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, conform to objective reality and stand the test of practice. Distinctive means that the author must clearly express what he affirms, denies, agrees with and opposes, and must not be vague or ambiguous. (2) The arguments should be true and sufficient. In other words, we must cite enough facts or recognized truths to prove the correctness of the argument. Facts as arguments include representative and conclusive examples or historical facts, as well as statistical data. It is very convincing to use facts as arguments. It is also very convincing to use scientific truth as an argument. If the principles, laws and formulas of natural science are taken as arguments, they can also play a powerful role in proving arguments. (3) Argumentation must conform to the correct form of reasoning. Writing argumentative essays should be well-founded and logical. Argument commands argument, and argument proves argument. The argument must be sufficient to prove the argument, and the argument must be an inevitable conclusion inferred from the argument. (2) Refutation is to discuss certain events and problems, expose and refute wrong and reactionary views or opinions. There are three forms to refute wrong and reactionary arguments: ① directly refute the other party's arguments. First point out the absurd arguments of the other side, then directly refute them with correct truth and conclusive facts, revealing the contradiction between lies and facts, absurdity and truth. In some articles, it is first proved that the argument opposite to the enemy's argument is correct, thus proving that the enemy's argument is wrong. 2 refute each other's arguments by refuting each other's arguments. Argument is the basis of argument, which proves the argument. Wrong reactionary arguments are often based on wrong arguments. If the argument is refuted, it will be untenable. (3) refute the other party's argument by refuting the fallacy of the other party's argument process (refuting its argument). Refuting the key issues in his argument also refutes the fallacy. In short, when writing an argumentative essay, we should also pay attention to the following points: ① aim at the handle. To write an argumentative essay, we must first set out the fallacies or reactionary views of the other side and set goals. How to set goals? There are usually two methods. The first is an overview. That is, retelling the refuted enemy theory in popular language. When summing up, you can quote some original words appropriately, but it should be focused and the tendency should be clear. The second is the quotation. That is, extract the key parts or related parts of negative materials, and then refute them against the target. (2) Grasp the key points. Lu Xun said: "It is the key to' discussing the enemy'. It only takes one blow to cause fatal harm to people." We must grasp the reactionary nature of fallacies and heresies and expose and criticize them in depth. ③ Pay attention to discretion. We must distinguish between the enemy's counter-revolutionary fallacies and the wrong ideas among the people. Expose the enemy mercilessly, denounce the enemy and give a fatal blow; We must adhere to the principle of "unity-criticism-unity" for erroneous ideas among the people, and we must never compare them. Although there are two ways of argumentation and refutation, they are not completely separated. Breaking and standing are the unity of dialectics. In argumentative writing, sometimes we have to refute the wrong argument; In refuting an article, it is generally necessary to clarify the correct point of view while refuting the wrong argument. Therefore, argumentation and refutation are often combined in argumentative writing. [15— 1] Students probably often hear and see the word "open book is beneficial". I don't know if you ever thought about it. Why is it beneficial to open books? What are the advantages of opening books? Is it beneficial to open books? Please talk about your understanding requirements of the view that "opening books is beneficial": ① Write an argumentative essay with a self-designed topic. (2) the argument should be clear-cut, the method of argument should be appropriate and the structure should be complete. Guidance: This is an argumentative essay, and the topic is designed by myself. To write this composition well, we should start from the following aspects: 1, first establish an argument. This paper focuses on this argument. The statement that "opening a book is beneficial" can neither be completely denied nor completely refuted; It is also inappropriate to be sure of everything and write a paper. Because this statement has its right side. There are also some places that are not comprehensive enough. We should adopt the method of "splitting into two" to analyze this view, affirm its beneficial side, deny its harmful side, and sum up the correct argument from it. Only in this way can we make a factual evaluation of this statement and finally achieve the purpose of convincing people by reasoning. 2. Analyze with the method of "one divides into two" to prevent such a problem: self-contradiction. In an instant, opening the book is beneficial, and in an instant, opening the book is harmful and confusing. In order to avoid this phenomenon, it is necessary to point out the connection between the two in the article in order to truly explain the truth. 3. From the argument method, if the book you read is not good, it may not be good to open it. Here, we can take examples, supplemented by citations and metaphors, take the flood of pornographic books in society in previous years as factual arguments and famous sayings as theoretical arguments to fully demonstrate the harm of pornographic books and the benefits of reading good books. On this basis, the two are unified in the right way. It shows that we middle school students should not only read more books, but also choose carefully and read good books. In this way, from both positive and negative arguments, the problem will be more comprehensive and profound, and the article will have irrefutable logical power. [15-2] 1939, Guo Moruo went back to his hometown to visit relatives. He usually called on someone who was idle and asked Lao Guo to give him Mo Bao (that is, Lao Guo's inscription). Lao Guo knew this man was careless and perfunctory, so he asked, "What should I write?" The classmate casually replied, "Whatever." Lao Guo frowned and wrote four big words "Don't be casual". "Don't be casual" is simple and meaningful. It tells us that everything should be "casual". Please write a short essay on the topic of "Don't be casual". Requirements: ① You can talk about your own views and understanding based on the above materials and practices; 2 don't write poetry; ③ No less than 600 words. Introduction: This is a composition of materials. Although this topic stipulates the composition topic, it still leaves a lot of room for students to think. From the stylistic point of view, writing an argumentative essay is the best choice. Students can talk about their own views from the aspects of right and wrong, attitude towards life, and spirit of scholarship, and elaborate their own views and opinions. To write an argumentative essay well, we must do the following three things: 1, and determine the argument. According to the materials provided by the proposer, many viewpoints can be extracted from different angles, but a 600-word essay cannot cover everything. So we must choose an argument and fully demonstrate it. 2. Choose a good argument. Argument can fully prove the argument, and the choice of argument should follow two principles: ① it is true and conclusive, and there can be no false elements; (2) It is typical and persuasive, and can play a great role. 3. Organizational argumentation structure. The most commonly used structure is generally "asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions)".