Selected Works of China's Outline of Modern History-A Brief Analysis of the Women's Movement during the May 4th Movement.
The 20th century is not only the turning point of China's 5,000-year history of ancient civilization towards modern civilization, but also the curtain of modern women's liberation. With the Enlightenment brought by the New Culture Movement and the further spread of Marxist theory in China, women in China gradually found their own way of development and liberation. During the May 4th Movement, the women's liberation movement began to flourish, freeing women from the shackles of tradition. Therefore, in such a most representative and influential period of modern women's movement, it is necessary to further study its background, performance characteristics and influence.
Keywords May 4th period; Female; liberation movement
Engels pointed out in the book "The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science": Fourier? Cleverly criticized the bourgeois form of gender relations and its position in bourgeois society. He was the first to express the view that in any society, the degree of women's liberation is the natural measure of universal liberation. During the May 4th Movement, the most representative and influential period in modern women's movement, it is necessary to make further research on its background, performance characteristics and influence.
First, the reasons for the background
As we all know, in the feudal society of China for thousands of years, women, as a group, have always been at the bottom of society. ? Three cardinal guides and five permanent members? 、? Three obedience and four virtues? Wait, such a set of feudal ideas has oppressed and bound them for a long time. Without education, political freedom will be lost and economic independence will not be achieved. Women only become men's accessories, and life is miserable.
Since modern times, many people of insight in our country have made disdainful efforts to explore the truth of saving the country and the people. During the Revolution of 1911, women in China had participated in some liberation movements, but the movements at this stage were scattered as a whole, with no real way of liberation, only a vague preliminary understanding, which made the combination of the May 4th Women's Liberation Movement and the China Revolution have a certain foundation. Although the Revolution of 1911 failed, the concept of democracy and harmony was deeply rooted in people's hearts.
And then the new culture movement came along? Democracy? With what? Science? With the tide of the new culture movement, soldiers began to attack the old morality violently. Among them is the criticism of the old ideas that oppress and bind women. Chen Duxiu pointed out in the article 19 16 published in New Youth. The wife is not a vassal of her husband, and calls on young women to get rid of their vassal status and restore their independent personality through struggle. Soldiers also spare no effort to introduce the rapid development of western feminist movement to women in China, hoping that they can better establish their own personality, open their eyes to learn from the West, abandon their inferiority complex, participate in sports and better shoulder their responsibilities. The pioneers of the New Culture Movement enthusiastically appealed for women's ideological awakening. The spirit of modern democracy is to let everyone in an organization, regardless of race, attribute, class and region, have equal political, social, economic and educational opportunities, develop their individuality and enjoy their rights.
Second, the performance characteristics
After a series of developments, women's thoughts and behaviors were liberated from the traditional bondage, especially during the May 4th Movement, which was manifested in the following aspects:
(A) to break the concept of giving and receiving.
Most women, including female college students, have received ideological education before? Three cardinal guides and five permanent members? 、? Three obedience and four virtues? 、? Do men and women give and receive? Such old ideas and concepts bound women's pursuit of their own happiness, making their body and mind unable to get better development. After the May 4th Movement broke out, Shanghai female students heard the news that Beijing students marched in the streets, but some students were arrested. Girls from six girls' schools, including five girls' middle schools and diligent girls' schools, actively participated in drafting telegrams from Shanghai students to the Beijing government, expressing their firm support for the patriotic actions of Beijing students and calling on the Beijing government? This axiom is humane, and students who are caught will be released, so that people can feel at ease, avoid disasters and changes, and feel no prayers. ? Some female college students can't stand the fire in their hearts. That night, they rushed out of the school regardless of the rules and regulations of the school, demonstrated outside the prison, and even expressed their attitude that they could go to prison with their male classmates, in order to resist the local government. Is this for breaking? Do men and women give and receive? This concept took the first step and aroused women's patriotism. At the same time, Xinmin Society and Enlightenment Society bravely broke feudal stereotypes and established a relationship of equality, mutual assistance and mutual respect between men and women, which also strongly impacted? Do men and women give and receive? Old ideas encourage young men and women to exercise in the society and further restore women's legal communication rights. It is undeniable that the degree of social openness of men and women is extremely limited, regardless of the region or the class of people, to break the traditional concept of men and women during the May 4th Movement. However, once the feudal barriers were broken, feudal ethics could never restore its omnipresent authority.
(B) against women's traditional concept of chastity
19 18 In May, New Youth, edited by Chen Duxiu, published the Japanese article On Chastity translated by Zhou Zuoren. Chastity theory stirred up a thousand waves in the traditional society of China, and fought for the rights of women living at the bottom under the strict control of feudal social norms. Women hold up half the sky. If women are not liberated, in the words of Li Dazhao, when is it? Hemiplegia . Li Dazhao also called for women's liberation, especially in Lu Xun's My Holiness written in July 2008, which was expressed by asking questions? Recommend profit? Did you go in? In a society where women should be sober but men can have more than one wife? Formed. Hu Shi also believes that there is no reason for China law to stipulate chastity. He said: from the perspective of modern humanitarianism, praising a martyr is a brutal and cruel law, which has no place in today's society. ? China traditional society? Three classes? What is this? Married. Married? Such an idea, say? Married? It means that a woman marries her husband and a woman betrays her fiance. In this case, women become? People? . Accordingly, Hu Shi put forward several extended opinions: men should also have a chastity attitude towards women, and husbands should also have a chastity attitude towards their wives. When a man commits immoral acts, such as whoring and marrying concubines, society should treat him with the attitude of unfaithful women. Women have no responsibility to keep their husbands chaste, and social laws do not admit that whoring and concubinage are immoral, so women should not be praised? Chastity.
(3) Strive for equal rights between men and women in education.
Before the May 4th Movement, China's traditional society always believed in? A woman without talent is a virtue? Therefore, few women have the opportunity to study, read and receive education. According to this situation, Deng Chunlan and Xie Chuzhen, as progressive young women of 19 19, wrote a letter to Cai Yuanpei, the president of Peking University, demanding on behalf of women that women be released from the ban and co-education be implemented to express their wishes. For this reason, Hu Shi also wrote "The Problem of Banning Women in Universities", which elaborated in detail the various benefits of coeducation. Such an idea of equality between men and women in education is actually to improve women's self-accomplishment, so that gender equality can be nourished by modern education and sufficient knowledge, thus raising half the sky and seeking their own career in society. Under such a powerful public opinion offensive, women's struggle for equal rights in education has achieved initial results. 1920 In the spring, Peking University recruited 9 female auditees who passed the examination, which initiated coeducation and the course content was equal. Since then, various places have followed suit, and some relatively progressive societies have also broken the boundaries between men and women and started to absorb female members. Perhaps there are few women who can receive education in this period, but the achievements at this stage have created conditions for professional equality between men and women and women's economic independence. More importantly, the women's liberation movement's resistance to China's tradition and striving for equality in education is not only a challenge to itself, but also a challenge to society, which reproduces the spirit of bold exploration and innovation during the May 4th Movement.
Third, the influence of the women's movement during the May 4th Movement.
The women's movement during the May 4th Movement liberated China's traditional thought, fully reflected the direction of women's movement under the guidance of Marxism, and further deepened people's understanding of women's liberation. It not only had a certain influence on a few upper-class intellectual women, but also helped a group of intellectual women to consciously use Marxist materialism as a theoretical weapon, thus arming the leaders who released the idea of * * * in early China, which was more accepted by the majority of lower-class women and laid a theoretical foundation for the development of women's liberation movement in a more correct track. In today's society, it has also made great contributions to promoting the benign operation of the whole economy and society and realizing the coordinated development of women and men, society and family.
References:
Peng Ming. History of the May 4th Movement [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House.
[2] Peng Ming. History of the May 4th Movement [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House. 1984: 627.
[3] "New Youth" Volume 6 No.2.
[4] "Selected Works of Mao Zedong" Volume IV. People's Publishing House. 199 1: 1470.
[5] Shen Chuanliang. A Study on the Political Participation of Female Intellectuals during the May 4th Movement [J]. Research and Teaching of Party History 2004 (3): 23.
[6] Chen Dongyuan. Life history of women in China. The Commercial Press. 1937: 376.
[7] Guo Xiuwen. Women's Liberation in the May 4th Movement [J]. Academic Research (Historical Edition), 1999 (6): 7.
[8] Peng Ming. History of the May 4th Movement [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House. 1984: 629.
[9] Chen Wenlian. May 4th Movement? Criticism of feudal chastity by ideological circles [J]. Journal of Nantong Teachers College (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition) 200 1, 17 (4): 98.
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