1. The eighth grade Chinese Book 1 No.21class "Mencius"; Chapter II Teaching Plan: Wealth cannot be *.
The learning objectives of the first class:
1, learn about Mencius' related literature knowledge.
2. Cultivate the sense of language in classical Chinese by reciting articles repeatedly.
3, preliminary perception, dredge the meaning of the text, understand the content, and initially perceive the "gentleman".
Learning focus: read articles repeatedly and cultivate a sense of classical Chinese.
Difficulties in learning: a preliminary understanding of the "brave"
Teaching process:
First, import:
1. In "On Heroes by Boiling Wine", Liu Bei modestly asked Cao Cao "Who is the real hero", and the two discussed this topic. Then in the Warring States period, Jingchun also modestly asked Mencius, "What is a gentleman?" And start a discussion, then, who is the person who appears in your mind when you mention the word "gentleman" throughout the ages? What's your standard? (Students are free to answer opinions and ideas)
So in this class, let's take a look at what is the standard of "gentleman" in the heart of Yasheng Mencius? (blackboard writing: wealth can't *)
2. Show the learning objective (PPT) of this lesson.
Second, the examination of the topic distinguishes the body
Understand the title of the article "Wealth Can't *" and determine the genre of the article;
Rich: either rich or expensive: powerful, high status, rich: always refers to money and status.
*: According to the old saying, it should be translated as "excessive", that is, wealth and power should not make their speech and behavior excessive and beyond common sense. Another solution is "confusion", that is, not to be confused by wealth and power. Ming Dow behaved very uprightly.
Solution: Mencius' viewpoint and position can be clearly defined from the title.
This is an argumentative paper with three elements: argument, argument and argumentation.
Third, know the author (PPT demonstration)
1, the source (in the after-class notes, the source and Mencius introduced)
2, Author: Mencius (about 372-289 BC), named Ke, Zou people. Warring States thinker, one of the representatives of Confucian school. Known as "elegant sage", he inherited Confucius' "benevolence, righteousness and propriety" and expanded his "wisdom".
Fourth, literacy.
1. Browse quickly and read freely (read through the whole article, pause in paragraphs, pay attention to pronunciation)
2. Teachers demonstrate reading aloud, and students correct pronunciation and pause (emphasizing the pronunciation of "crown" and "female")
3. Read freely and have a preliminary impression of the article.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) understands the content
1. Students study in groups and translate the whole article.
Annotate the reference books to clarify the main idea of the article.
You can contact the context with the help of the team leader and other members.
2. Communicate with each other what the group doesn't understand.
3. Four groups translate a short passage respectively to show their achievements (teachers guide to supplement individual knowledge points and translate individual words).
VI. Discovery Center
According to the translation order of articles
1. Why did Gongsun Yan and Yi Cheung "get angry and fear the governors, but decide the world to go out"?
Why are they so powerful? Because they are strategists, they can control vassals and provoke wars between countries.
Note: The translation of "Anju"
The teacher added:
Strategist:
After reading the notes, we were told that there were three words. These three characters have one thing in common: a military strategist, so what is a military strategist? Here, I want to explain to the students that the Warring States Policy describes the military strategist in this way: "A three-inch golden tongue is better than a million soldiers; The debate of one person is more important than the treasure of Jiuding. " Strategists can play the role of "one person is better than a million divisions" in the times. Now let's guess, what is a strategist? (Students are free to answer)
Yes, a strategist is the kind of person who conducted political diplomacy during the Warring States period.
2. Summarize the first paragraph.
Taking strategists such as Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan as examples, Jing Chun asked Mencius about the definition and understanding of "gentleman". In Jing Chun's eyes, strategists like Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan are the so-called brave, which is also an affirmation of strategists.
At the same time, it also puts forward the central argument of this paper: what is a gentleman?
3. Read the first paragraph again
4. "Is it a gentleman?" Chinese translation of "Shi"
5. What is the way of concubine in the translation of "Shun is the right person, and the way of concubine is also right"?
Ancient women had three obedience and four virtues-"Don't marry your father, marry your husband and marry your son."
What is the expression of "the way of concubinage"? Surrender, what does Mencius use as a metaphor here? Metaphor is the behavior of strategists.
The ancients thought that a wife's way was like a minister's way. I should also obey you, but the principle of obedience is justice. If you are unfair, I should advise you. A wife should treat her husband in the same way, "harmony without difference". Then the essence of the "way of concubinage" here refers to unprincipled behavior in front of power and interests, such as Zhang Yi and others, whose knowledge obeys the wishes of the king of Qin, just like eunuchs and handmaids in the past, blindly obeying and unprincipled.
So here, what is Mencius' attitude towards strategists like Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi? (ironic, hateful)
6. Next, Mencius discussed the "gentleman" and the conditions for a person to be called a "gentleman".
Attention: the translation of "de" and "zhi" and the translation of causative usage.
A gentleman should have "benevolence, righteousness and courtesy"
We should have a "make or break" attitude.
To achieve "wealth cannot be *, poverty cannot be moved and power cannot be bent."
7. Comparison: "the way of concubines" and "the way of men"
Man's way: "wealth can't be moved, poverty can't be moved, and powerful people can't bend",
Its essence is the adherence to the inner "benevolence, righteousness and ceremony"
As advocated by Confucianism, "if you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are up to it, you will help the world."
8. Read the article again to understand Mencius' point of view.
Seven. distribute
This is an argumentative essay. After class, the group analyzes the structure of the article from the perspective of argumentative writing and finds out the argumentation method used by Mencius.
Second lesson
Learning objectives:
1. Learn in groups and feel the heroic bearing of a gentleman.
2. Look at the classics objectively, take their essence and discard their dross.
3. Analyze the structure of the article from the perspective of argumentative writing, and find out the argumentation method used by Mencius.
Learning focus: understand the meaning of this article and feel a man's heroic bearing.
Difficulties in learning: treat the classics objectively, take their essence and discard their dross.
Teaching process:
First, check the import:
Ask what you learned last class: the way to be a man.
Second, clear your mind:
1. What is the reason why Jingchun thinks that Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi are brave men?
"In a rage, the princes are all afraid, but you are safe and the world is destroyed." Judging from the power and status, Jing Chun said: Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi are in high positions and have the power of the world, so they can control the princes with their gestures. It can be said that it is majestic, and such a character can naturally be called a gentleman.
The first paragraph of the article puts forward a topic (argument) in Jing Chun's words, which is the object of Mencius' rebuttal below.
2. Next, Mencius confronted each other and asked: Who is a gentleman? This is a sentence from hit the floor, which directly shows the attitude of refuting each other.
3. What is the reason why Mencius denied that Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi were brave?
Mencius believed that Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yizhi climbed up by wagging their lips and obeying their ideas, and pursued the principle of being concubines. Their behavior is immoral, so how can they talk about men?
4. What argumentation methods did Mencius use in the process of expounding "the way of wives and concubines"?
Examples, analogies, negative arguments
5. What does Mencius think is a true gentleman? What argumentation methods were used in the discussion? Metaphorical argument and comparative argument
Third, the teacher summary
1. Everyone has his own gentleman's standard, and many gentlemen's names must be treasured. Talk about your understanding of gentleman image. Please give an example.
Wealth cannot *-Guan Yu, Wen Tianxiang and Fang Zhimin.
Poverty cannot be removed-Tao Yuanming, Du Fu and Zhu Ziqing.
Yan Zhenqing, Wen Yiduo, Liu Hulan.
As far as we are concerned, "gentleman" can be translated into indomitable spirit. The social environment is different now. Doesn't mean a gentleman only wants boys. Although we all have different personalities, the right thing, that is, the "avenue", is the same.
3. Main ideas
A "gentleman" lies not in his gender, but in his noble moral quality. Always do the right thing and lead others. Don't be impetuous, be a man and always remind yourself.
Fourth, look at the back
2. Class 2 1 Mencius, the first volume of eighth grade Chinese; The second chapter "Teaching plan:" Born in sorrow, died in happiness "
Teaching objective: 1) Understand the meaning of words such as "lift, empty, brush, so, Zeng Yi, constant, work, sign, metaphor and constant".
2) Learn the reasoning and argumentation methods of the ancients, as well as the expressive effects of rhetorical devices such as taste ratio and parallelism.
3) Understand the meaning of "born in sorrow and died in happiness", learn from it and enhance the sense of sorrow.
Teaching difficulties:
1) Learn the reasoning methods of the ancients, and taste the expressive effects of rhetorical devices such as metaphor and parallelism.
3) Understand the meaning of "born in sorrow and died in happiness", learn from it and enhance the sense of sorrow.
Teaching hours: 2 hours
Teaching process:
First teaching time
First, introduce the new course:
Everyone is familiar with the story of "service for a living". Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was firm in adversity, and finally defeated the State of Wu and revived the State of Yue. However, after that, "Gou Jian, the king of Yue, broke Wu's return and the soldiers returned home. Maids are like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. " . The King of Yue, who was addicted to happiness, made the same mistake again. What enlightenment does Gou Jian's experience give us?
Second, the information introduction:
Mencius and Mencius
Mencius (372 ~ 289 BC), a native of Zou, was a disciple of Kong You, the grandson of Confucius. The lobbying between Qi and Liang was not reused, but retired and wrote books with his disciples such as Gong Sunchou and Zhang Wan. Inheriting Confucius' theory, he put forward the slogan of "benevolent government", advocated the restoration of "Jing Tian system" and "Shiqing system", and at the same time advocated that "the people are more important than the monarch", called the tyrant "a husband", believed that human nature is good, and emphasized the inner cultivation efforts such as nourishing the heart and deliberately, which became the foundation of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, his position was increasingly respected. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty, he was canonized as the saint of Zou Guoya, and in the ninth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, he was canonized as the saint of Mencius, second only to Confucius in Confucianism. Most of his thoughts and behaviors can be found in Mencius.
The articles in Mencius have always been famous for their eloquence. Reading Mencius makes people feel magnificent, emotional and sharp. Out of indignation at the greedy and violent behavior of the rulers at that time, sympathy for the people struggling in suffering, hostility to the theories of other schools, strong desire to carry out their own opinions, and the sense of salvation of "If you want to rule the world, who will you give me in today's world", Mencius' article became radical, rigid and confident. He is also good at using various techniques to lure the enemy into submission. His writing style is sloppy and sometimes sharp, and he likes to use parallel prose extensively, so his writing style is aggressive.
Third, the initial reading of the text, the overall perception:
1, students read the text by themselves. Accurate pronunciation, pause, cadence and grace are required.
2. Students read the text together.
3. Students read the text separately.
Projection display:
Read the pronunciation of the following words correctly:
Mu () Fu Shuo () mating () line symbol ()
Pay attention to the pause of the following sentences:
(1) Shun/Fa/Mu,/Ju/Banzhu, Glue/Ju/Fish Salt, Guan Yiwu/Ju/Shi, Sun Shuaiao/Ju/Hai, Bixi/Ju/Cheng.
(2) ..... must first suffer/his mind, work/his bones and muscles, hunger/his body and skin, emptiness/his body, movement/chaos/what he has done, so he is tempted/patient and has benefited/what he can't do.
Read the text again and understand it.
1) Students read the text by themselves and translate the text with the help of reference books.
2) Group communication to discuss and solve difficult problems in translation.
3) Students explain the main ideas of the text.
4) Teachers and students should complement each other.
Verb (short for verb) Task:
1) Copy the explanation twice and copy the text 1 time.
2) Collect 2 famous sentences related to the text content, with examples 1 sentence.
Second teaching time
First, check and review:
1) Point out the common words in the following sentences and explain them.
(1) Yico Zeng can't.
(2) trapped in my heart, weigh in consideration, and then do it.
(3) into the legalist brush.
(4) So be patient.
2) recite the text.
Second, analyze the content of the text:
1) What is the central point of this article? From which two aspects does the author demonstrate? Please briefly describe the argument of this article.
The central argument of this paper is "born in sorrow, died in happiness".
The author demonstrates it from two aspects: individual and country. The article first talks about the problem of cultivating talents. First, taking six dignitaries who came from humble origins and finally took on "great responsibilities" after all kinds of tempering as an example, it shows that talents are cultivated in a difficult environment, and at the same time attaches importance to people's subjective factors, and puts forward the viewpoint of "being trapped in the heart, weighing in consideration, and then acting". It is explained from two aspects that if people want to do something and achieve something, they must go through some difficult and even painful tempering in life, thought and behavior. Then the individual talks about the country, points out that the factors that determine the survival of the country are similar to those that determine whether an individual can achieve great things, and finally puts forward an argument.
2) What are the characteristics of this article in the method of argumentation?
This paper adopts the methods of analogy, example and comparison. For example, the analogy between cultivating talents and governing the country, such as listing six examples of people who have become successful in adversity, such as comparing great achievements with national subjugation, such as analyzing and demonstrating first, then summing up opinions and so on.
Third, content expansion:
(1) "Born in sorrow, died in happiness", do you know any famous sentences with the same meaning? Please list
Two sentences.
(2) What examples can prove this truth? Please give some examples.
Fourthly, compare and read "Getting more help from the Tao" and "Born in sorrow and dying in happiness" to grasp the logic and literary talent of the prose of Mencius.
1. logic-the characteristics of deep argument.
From the perspective of war, the book "gets more help from the Tao, but gets less help from the Tao". By comparing the three conditions, namely, weather, geographical location and human harmony, this paper expounds the decisive role of human harmony in winning or losing a war, and by extension, puts forward the conclusion that "if you get more, you will help, and if you lose less, you will help", and expounds the importance of implementing benevolent policies. The structure of the essay "starting from scratch, sharing, expounding and summarizing" embodies the author's logical thinking from point to point and from individual to general, which makes the article very convincing and infectious. However, born in sorrow and died in happiness, six examples of historical figures are listed first, and then similar "being a man" is summarized. From the individual to the general, it is expounded that talents are tempered in a difficult environment, and then from the individual to governing the country, and finally the full text argument is summarized. The logical thinking discussed by the author is externalized into a "hierarchical" structure.
2. Taste the language features of Mencius' prose.
Qing: These two essays are magnificent, with strong persuasiveness and appeal, which is not unrelated to Mencius' good use of rhetoric such as parallelism. The first chapter "The city is neither high nor deep. War is not unprofitable, and rice is not too much. " This is a double negative. Strong parallelism; "People in the domain don't rely on ... to consolidate the country, not on ... to dominate the world, not on ..." Parallel ranks are more imposing. The second chapter lists historical figures at the beginning, and naturally adopts juxtaposition; And "People always have to end ..." Use sentence parallelism. It can be seen that Mencius makes good use of parallelism and flexible sentences, which not only adds momentum to the article, but also gives people a sense of beauty.
In the two short essays, famous aphorisms appear repeatedly, with neat sentences and profound meanings. Shining with the brilliance of philosophy.
5. Talking about learning "Born in sorrow and died in happiness", what inspiration did you get?
Six, homework:
3. Class 2 1 Mencius, the first volume of eighth grade Chinese; Chapter II Knowledge Points
Knowledge points of "wealth can't be *" First, literary common sense
Mencius, Mink, Zi Yuzi. Warring States people, thinkers, educators, representatives of Confucianism. He is the author of Mencius. Mencius inherited and carried forward Confucius' thoughts and became a generation of Confucian masters second only to Confucius. He is called "the sage of Asia" and is also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu regarded Mencius, The Analects of Confucius, The University and The Doctrine of the Mean as four books.
Second, the ideological content of the article
In view of Jing Chun's so-called "gentleman" image, this paper puts forward the real gentleman's way and advocates Confucianism's benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom.
Third, writing.
Common words
Wang zhi NV Jia
"Female" is the same as "Ru", you.
Different meanings of ancient and modern times
(1) Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi are both courageous people.
Ancient meaning: Really, indeed.
Modern meaning: honesty
(2) Father's orders
Ancient meaning: teach, teach
Meaning: command
(3) So is the husband's crown.
Ancient meaning: adult men;
Modern significance: a woman's spouse
polysemy
(1) Exit
A warning statement.
Respect and caution (caution)
(2)
Go to the daughter's house (verb, arrive)
The way of concubine (auxiliary word, true)
With people (pronouns, correction methods)
Flexible use of parts of speech
(1) invincible
Take advantage of, make yield to.
(2) First, it is necessary to suffer from its mind, work hard on its bones and muscles, starve its body and skin, and empty its body.
Adjective causative usage; Suffer: To cause pain to; Li: manufacturing ... tired; Hunger: to make hungry; Weakness: Suffering from poverty.
Fourth, the key content
Gentleman's practice: live in the world, stand in the right position in the world and be the best in the world.
The ideal of a gentleman (attitude towards life): it is up to the people, not to go its own way.
The virtue of a gentleman: wealth cannot be moved, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent.
1. How to understand the standard of "rich and poor" put forward by Mencius?
You can't be fooled by it when you are rich, you can't let it change its moral cultivation when you are poor, and you can't make it yield by coercion and inducement. This is what you call a man. No matter what the situation, one can't change one's conduct. One should have one's own life attitude and principles, and pay more attention to it at any time in today's increasingly rich material life.
2. What do you think of Mencius' "invictus is not ambitious"?
Walk with the people when you succeed, and stick to your principles when you fail. That is, when you succeed, you should be people-oriented and be a good official. If you don't succeed, you must strengthen your self-cultivation, never lower your requirements in moral cultivation, and strive to be a good person.
3. Please compare and analyze the difference between Mencius's "the way of wives and concubines" and "the way of men".
The former is unprincipled obedience (obedient to the father when he was young, obedient to the husband when he married, obedient to the son when his husband died), such as Zhang Yi and others, unprincipled obedience to the king of Qin. The gentleman said that "rich is poor, strong is strong", which is the insistence on benevolence, righteousness and propriety, as advocated by Confucianism, "poor is immune, and rich is helpful."
Born in sorrow and died in happiness.
First, the ideological content of the article
Through the examples of six characters from humble to noble and related reasons, this paper demonstrates the central argument of "born in sorrow and died in happiness"
Second, keywords
Common words
(1) So be patient.
Endure, preach "tenacity", tenacity
(2) Once in, there will be no legalist school.
Brush, pass "finish", assist
(3) Yico Zeng can't.
Once, through "increase", increase
(4) trapped in mental balance before action.
Balance, "cross", infarction, obstruction
Ancient and modern synonyms
(1) Therefore, heaven is a great responsibility, and people are also.
Ancient meaning: this;
Modern Meaning: Judgment Verb
(2) Wealth cannot *
Ancient meaning; Confuse or confuse;
Modern meaning: * Chaos
(3) Fu Shuo was held between buildings.
In ancient times, the pestle was used for tamping soil;
Modern significance, architecture, structure
(4)-Wu is a scholar.
Ancient meaning: prison officer;
Modern meaning: soldiers
(5) Sign in color, send in sound, and then metaphor.
Ancient meaning: inspection, performance;
Today's meaning: walk a long way (referring to the army); Send troops to suppress/suppress/suppress
(6) characterized by color, sound and metaphor.
Ancient meaning: understand, understand;
Modern meaning: for example
Flexible use of parts of speech
(1) causative usage:
You must first put up with his thoughts (pain: make ... painful)
Strain a bone (fatigue: make ...)
Hungry (hungry: make ...)
Weaknesses: creating ... suffering from poverty.
Patience (forbearance: making ... tough)
Act out of order (disorder: obstruction)
(2) Action:
If you enter, there will be no legalist (enter: at home)
If you go out, you won't have any foreign patients.
(3) representative works:
People always make mistakes.
polysemy
(1) hair
Shun Mao zai mu (Mao, used)
Its characteristic is that color appears in the sound and then metaphor (hair appears).
(2) in
Shun fa Yu mu (Yu: preposition, cong)
Therefore, the day will be reduced to a great post, so people are also (metaphor: preposition, give)
Then knowledge is born of worry and dies of happiness.
(3) Stroke
Behavior disorder (fú, violation)
If you enter, you can't go home.
(4) Stone
Guan Yiwu is a scholar (noun, prison officer)
If you enter, there will be no legalists (nouns, saints)
Three. Translation of key sentences:
1. Therefore, if the sky is going to drop on people, they must first suffer their minds, work their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies, and do things in disorder.
Therefore, in order to give this man a great mission, God must first make his heart miserable, his bones and muscles tired, his body hungry, his poverty and his inability to do things well.
2. trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor.
Translation: Only when inner troubles and thoughts are blocked can we make a difference; Gaunt and haggard, expressed on his face and revealed in his voice, and then people knew him.
3. If you go in, you can't go home; if you go out, you will be invincible against foreign invasion, and your country will die.
If there are no ministers who stick to the statutes and sages who assist the monarch at home, and there are no enemy countries and foreign invasions abroad, the country is often in danger of extinction.
4. Born in sorrow, died in happiness.
Worry (can motivate people to work hard) makes people survive and develop, and enjoying happiness makes people die.
Therefore, patience has benefited from what it can't do.
Disturb his heart, be patient and increase his talents that he didn't have before.