There is a description in Introduction to Mao Zedong Thought:
Historical Enlightenment of the Failure of the Old Democratic Revolution
1. China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution can only be completed under the leadership of the advanced class and its political parties. From the Opium War to the Revolution of 1911, the struggle of China people against aggression and exploring the road of saving the country and the people has gone through a long time. Landlord reformers, peasants, bourgeois reformers and bourgeois revolutionaries have successively stepped onto the historical stage and stood in the front line of struggle. They represent the wishes of the people at that time, conform to the trend of historical development, and show the heroic and unyielding struggle spirit of the Chinese nation. However, due to the limitations of history and class, their struggle had little effect, which could not make China get rid of the humiliating semi-colonial fate, complete the revolutionary task of anti-imperialism and feudalism, and lead the cause of national liberation and social progress to victory. History needs new classes and their political parties to lead.
2. Various classes in modern China put forward different plans to save the country, but failed to find the right way to save the country and the people. Advanced elements in modern China put forward various plans to save the country. The reformists of the landlord class tried to learn western technology on the premise of maintaining the feudal system, and put forward that "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" failed; As the leader of the peasant war, Hong Xiuquan put forward an egalitarian and capitalist plan to save the country, which soon failed. The bourgeois reformists tried to develop capitalism in China by using the political system of western constitutional monarchy, but the result was not feasible. Sun Yat-sen, an outstanding representative of bourgeois revolutionaries, drew lessons from western bourgeois political theory and practical experience, formulated the program of the Three People's Principles and established the Republic of China. This was the first practice of the bourgeois peace plan in China, and it was the result of modern China's exploration of the road of saving the country and the people, but the plan soon went bankrupt.
3. China Revolution must be guided by scientific theory. Since the Opium War, all revolutionary classes in China have always been guided by certain theories in their struggle against imperialism and feudalism. However, due to the limitation of historical conditions and class status, it is impossible for them to find a scientific and correct theory to guide the China Revolution. The peasant movement in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom used religion to organize and launch peasant uprisings. The worship of God founded by Hong Xiuquan played a certain role in the revolutionary process, but religion can neither scientifically explain the world nor correctly guide the real struggle. The reformists carried out political reform and reform under the guidance of the western bourgeois evolution theory. Although it had a great impact, it failed in the end. Sun Yat-sen put forward the Three People's Principles with reference to the western bourgeois theory of natural human rights, and under this guidance, he waged an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary struggle, but the Revolution of 1911 also failed. It can be seen that in the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles of all classes in modern China, and in the struggle to explore the country's way out, the old ideological weapons were knocked down and could not save China. The development of China's revolution needs a new revolutionary theory to guide it.
Another high school textbook:
Objectively speaking, the Revolution of 1911 took place in the era of imperialism. Imperialism will never allow China to establish an independent and prosperous bourgeois republic, thus depriving itself of China, which accounts for14 of the world population. Therefore, they used political, diplomatic, military, economic, financial and other means to undermine and interfere with the China Revolution, and fostered and supported their agent Yuan Shikai to seize power. Imperialism colluded with the comprador forces of the big landlords represented by Yuan Shikai, as well as the old bureaucrats and constitutionalists to stifle the revolution from outside and inside.
Subjectively speaking, the fundamental reason for the failure of this revolution is that its leader, the bourgeois revolutionaries, has many weaknesses and mistakes. Mainly:
First, there is no thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary program. They didn't explicitly put forward anti-imperialist slogans, and even fantasized about the recognition and support of imperialism for the China revolution through compromise and payment. They only emphasized anti-Manchu and the establishment of * * * and political system, but did not realize that they had to oppose the whole feudal ruling class, which led some old Han bureaucrats and officers to join the revolutionary camp. Influenced by the political situation at that time and the idea of compromise and concession, the revolutionaries finally even handed over the political power to Yuan Shikai. Later, when reviewing the course of the Revolution of 1911 and summing up relevant lessons, Sun Yat-sen said: "Once upon a time, I was forced by the situation and had to compromise with the counter-revolutionary autocratic class. This compromise is actually an indirect reconciliation with imperialism. This is the root cause of the first failure of the revolution. " "Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang warlord, colluded with the great powers, and all the counter-revolutionary autocratic classes such as military bureaucrats depended on it to survive; The revolutionaries were transferred to them by the regime, and they failed. What are you talking about? "
Second, we cannot fully mobilize and rely on the people. Because China's national bourgeoisie is inextricably linked with feudal forces, it dare not rely on the peasant masses as the main anti-feudal force. In the revolutionary process, although the bourgeois revolutionaries once joined forces with the new army (mostly peasants and students in military uniforms) and social parties (secret societies mainly composed of vagrants and bankrupt peasants), thus mobilizing the strength of the masses to a certain extent, they abandoned the masses after the Qing government was overthrown. Instead of leading the peasants in the anti-feudal struggle, they accused them of "deviant behavior" and sent troops to suppress it. It is precisely because the main force of China's democratic revolution, the peasants, has not been mobilized, so the foundation of this revolution is quite weak. "The national revolution needs a big rural reform. There was no such change in the Revolution of 1911, so it failed. " ①
Third, a powerful revolutionary party cannot be established as a powerful core to unite all revolutionary forces. The internal organization of the alliance is scattered, the factions are complex, and there is no unified and stable leadership core. Some people even advocate that "the revolutionary army rises and the revolutionary party disappears." Some also set up other political parties to stand on their own feet. Sun Yat-sen pointed out that the failure of the Revolution of 1911 was "not the strength of Yuan's army, but the disintegration of people within the Party".
These weaknesses and mistakes of the bourgeois revolutionaries are rooted in the weakness and compromise of the national bourgeoisie in China. Because of this, the Revolution of 1911 only drove away an emperor, but failed to change the ruling foundation of feudalism and warlords and bureaucrats, and failed to complete the fundamental task of anti-imperialism and feudalism. The failure of the Revolution of 1911 shows that the bourgeois national plan failed to save China, and the advanced China people need to make new explorations and seek a new way out for China.