A paper on urban public transport, for reference only. Problems and Countermeasures of Urban Public Transport 1 Current Situation and Main Problems of Urban Public Transport 1. 1 Current Situation of Urban Traffic At present, buses and trams account for more than 80% of urban passenger traffic in China's urban public transport system. Judging from the development of some cities, the speed of rail transit construction in some cities has obviously accelerated. However, due to the huge investment, it is still in its infancy and its development is slow. It will take a long time for a city to form a comprehensive transportation system based on public transportation. As far as China's current economic situation is concerned, the traffic volume of big cities is still dominated by conventional public transportation on the ground. Since 1980s, China's economy has been growing at a high speed, but the construction and development of urban public transport has lagged behind the needs of social economy and residents' life. To this end, the Chinese government has formulated a series of policies and defined the development strategy of urban transportation with public transportation as the focus. However, due to many factors such as financial system, operating mechanism, management level and road traffic conditions, the development status of urban public transport is not satisfactory. The details are as follows: (1) There is a serious imbalance between urban transportation facilities and urban transportation demand. Although China has been committed to the construction of urban traffic facilities, its construction speed lags far behind the growth of motor vehicles and traffic flow. With the rapid growth of motor vehicles, traffic environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, and motor vehicle traffic has become the main source of air pollution and noise pollution in cities in China. (3) Mixed traffic conditions aggravate traffic congestion. The degree of urban road traffic congestion in China is much higher than that in foreign cities with the same number of motor vehicles. A large number of non-motor vehicles are mixed with motor vehicles, which not only complicates road traffic and increases the difficulty of management, but also reduces the use efficiency of originally weak traffic facilities, affects the use efficiency of vehicles and public facilities, and increases the burden on users. (4) Public transport enterprises generally lose money and lack a scientific and reasonable financial compensation mechanism. Under the condition of market economy, public transport enterprises should undoubtedly take economic benefits as the center, but they should not take profit as the only goal, but must also reflect social benefits. Although the government has given many preferential policies to public transport enterprises, such as tax reduction and exemption, due to many problems brought about by system reform, poor management of enterprises themselves and lack of scientific and reasonable financial subsidy mechanism, public transport enterprises generally suffer losses. (5) Development is not guaranteed by laws and regulations. In the case of imperfect laws and regulations, the development of public transport depends on the administrative means of the government, and the coordination and administrative intervention of government agencies in dealing with some problems have affected the healthy development of urban public transport. (6) The structure is unreasonable. The lack of fast transportation for long-distance travel reduces the attraction of buses 2. (7) Insufficient development of public transport. The so-called public transport is the main body, and the proportion of trips it undertakes must reach at least 40%. However, at present, the proportion of passenger flow borne by public transport in big cities in China is very low, generally 10~20%, which is far from the reality and demand. (8) Backward means of traffic management. 1.2 main problems existing in urban public transportation with the development of urban economy, the urban population is also increasing, and the number of people traveling is also increasing sharply. "Difficult to ride" and the lack of transportation facilities have seriously affected economic development, and the most fundamental reason for these problems is the imperfection of urban public transportation system. Although a series of policies and measures have been implemented, there are still some problems. These problems weaken the advantages of public transport and restrict its development. Specifically: (1) The sharing rate of urban public transport is low. At present, although some big cities have implemented a series of public transport optimization policies and the traffic volume of public transport is also on the rise, the proportion of public transport trips is still very low. In some cities, public transport has not yet become the main body of urban passenger transport, and the proportion of public transport is still declining. (2) The bus service level is low. The main manifestations are: slow speed, inconvenient bus transfer, unreasonable lines, low density, and even bus blind spots in some places. Since the reform and opening up, the road area of big cities in China has been greatly improved, but it still lags far behind the growth rate of traffic volume. (3) The bus service level is poor. The low-level service quality of public transport often becomes the object of passenger complaints and media exposure, which directly affects the proportion of passengers it undertakes. The low-level service quality of public transportation is often manifested as long bus ride, poor comfort, many safety accidents and poor service quality of bus crew. (4) Lack of unified planning for public transport infrastructure. The composition of urban public transport network mainly depends on bus hub stations to realize the connection between points. For a long time, China's urban public transport infrastructure is weak and lacks unified planning, especially in the transformation of old cities and the development of new areas, which brings inconvenience to traffic operation, management and residents' travel. (5) The bus network planning is unreasonable. "Developing public transport" and "keeping the main roads unblocked" are the two major goals of urban traffic workers. However, in recent years, with the development of urban public transport in China, the number of public transport vehicles has increased day by day, and the contradiction of difficulty in riding has eased, but the contradiction of difficulty in riding has become increasingly prominent. In particular, bus trains and minibuses frequently stop, which forms a dynamic bottleneck and seriously affects the traffic order of main roads. 2 Ways to solve the problem of urban public transportation * * * Urban public transportation has a great impact on residents' lives, and public transportation must be aimed at facilitating residents' behavior and taking into account the interests of bus companies. Therefore, in view of the main problems existing in urban public transportation at present, the following measures are taken: 2. 1 bus line optimization. The ultimate service object of urban public transport is urban residents, that is, bus passengers. In order to make a reasonable bus route, it is very important to investigate the psychology and travel behavior of bus passengers, so as to further determine the optimization objectives and constraints of the optimal bus route model. Referring to a large number of data at home and abroad, combined with the characteristics of cities in China, the following factors must be considered in optimizing urban public transport network: (1) Providing services for more passengers; (2) Minimize the total travel time of all passengers and reduce the number of transfers; (3) Maximize the efficiency of the route; (4) Ensure good accessibility, especially reduce the walking distance of bus passengers; (5) Expand the scope of public transport services and reduce public transport blind spots. 2.2 Adopting advanced bus intelligent dispatching technology With the increase of urban residents' travel volume, urban public transportation can't meet the travel demand more and more. It is not enough to give full play to the advantages of public transportation and fundamentally solve the problem of traffic trip only by optimizing bus lines and increasing road facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce advanced urban public transport management technologies, such as advanced urban intelligent public transport management methods. The following problems should be paid attention to in the research of this system: establishing a dispatching optimization system suitable for public transport enterprises in China. This paper mainly studies the possibility of combining various new technologies such as scheduling optimization system mode, automatic vehicle positioning technology and scheduling optimization system suitable for public transport enterprises in China, and the technical model of line numbering based on bus line flow. At present, the overall technical means of public transport enterprises in China are backward, and new bus operation and scheduling technologies, such as automatic vehicle positioning technology and automatic passenger carrying technology, are basically not applied. 2.3 Development of mass rapid transit system. Mass rapid transit has the advantages of high speed, large capacity, low energy consumption, little pollution, reliability, punctuality, comfort and safety, but it needs special roads and is in a closed state. At present, in the cities of China, it is impossible to establish a perfect rapid transit system in a short period of time, both in terms of capital and technology. Therefore, the following three stages can be considered in establishing mass rapid transit in China. The development of buses and trains; Open up rail transit. 2.4 Establish an intelligent public transport system and develop services according to demand. Intelligent public transport system is an important part of the city. On the basis of maintaining coordination with external departments (such as traffic control), we will focus on improving the information service of bus passengers; Improve the operation scheduling and enterprise management of bus companies; Improve the safety and reliability of public transport services, improve operational efficiency and reduce operating costs; Establish an electronic payment system. Responding to demand is a new public transport operation mode, which is characterized by no fixed operation timetable, lines and bus stops, and passengers enjoy door-to-door transportation services. This is a flexible and efficient bus operation mode. 2.5 financial compensation for the policy losses of public transport enterprises should be given financial compensation. The specific measures are as follows: (1) Formulate public transport law to provide special funds for the development of public transport according to law; (2) Establish a special evaluation system for the allocation of special funds for public transportation and the amount of policy compensation by regulatory agencies and bus companies, and conduct accounting, allocation, auditing and supervision on the amount of policy compensation to ensure that special funds for public transportation can play its due role. 3. The development direction of China urban traffic-vigorously develop urban rail transit system. Urban rail transit refers to the use of rail as a vehicle-oriented mode of transportation, mainly passenger transport. Including trams, subways, light rail transit, monorail transit and suburban railways. Rail transit is one of the symbols of modern cities. For example, megacities can use subways and light rails. Subway has many advantages, such as large capacity, high speed, safety, punctuality, less energy consumption, no pollution discharge and less floor space. The capacity of one-way subway can reach 30,000 ~ 60,000 person-times, ranking first among all modes of transportation. The average running speed is 40 ~ 60 km/h; Driving underground, free from external interference, is the mode of transportation with the highest guarantee rate for passengers to travel on time. However, the cost of subway is very high, with an average of 600-800 million yuan per kilometer, which is 2-3 times higher than other rail transit modes. According to the technical and economic characteristics of the subway, it is mainly suitable for urban and suburban areas with developed economy, high per capita national income, sufficient tourists and strong passenger flow direction, and can become the trunk line and big channel of the urban transportation network. The light rail in the center of the paper is a medium-capacity public transportation mode, with a passenger capacity of 1 10,000 ~ 30,000 people/hour, which is between the subway and the bus, filling a gap in the medium-capacity passenger transportation technology in the urban public transportation system. Light rail includes ground, underground and elevated. The running speed is 30~40km/h, and the maximum slope is 6%. The light rail cost1~1.50 billion yuan/km, which is about 1/3~ 1/4 of the subway. According to the above functions, the light rail is mainly suitable for urban areas and suburbs, with a one-way hour of 654.38+00,000 ~ 30,000 passengers. Large and medium-sized cities can use ground light rail, elevated light rail, trams and suburban railways. In mountainous cities and coastal cities, monorail has low terrain requirements and strong climbing ability, which is the best choice for rail transit in such areas.