Windbreak forest can reduce wind speed, reduce wind damage, increase air temperature and humidity in winter, promote early germination of Camellia oleifera and facilitate pollination media activities, and ensure normal flowering and fruiting of Camellia oleifera; Summer and autumn can reduce the temperature, evaporation, soil moisture, drought damage, ecological environment and fruit quality of Camellia oleifera forest.
The effective windbreak distance of windbreak forest belt is 25 ~ 35 times of tree height. According to the actual situation, evergreen and deciduous mixed ventilation structure forest belt should be adopted. The main forest belt is generally composed of 2 ~ 3 layers of trees and 2 layers of shrubs, and the secondary forest belt is generally 2 ~ 3 layers. The lower part of the shelterbelt with this structure can penetrate a part of airflow, which reduces the wind speed and has a wider protection range.
The main forest belt mainly protects the main harmful wind, and its direction is perpendicular to the direction of the main harmful wind. If conditions do not permit, the intersection angle can be above 45. The secondary forest belt mainly protects the wind in other directions, and its direction is perpendicular to the main forest belt. According to the intensity of the local maximum harmful wind, the distance between forest belts is designed. Generally, the spacing between the main forest belts is 200 ~ 300m, and the spacing between the secondary forest belts is 300 ~ 500m, forming a grid with the size of 3.3 ~ 13.3 hectares, which is 5 ~ 8m away from the oil tea garden. When planting, the root ditch should be dug between the forest belt and the oil tea garden to prevent the root system of the protective tree from entering the oil tea garden. The row spacing of shelterbelts is 1.0 ~ 1.5m, the spacing between trees is 1.0m, the shelterbelts are planted diagonally, and the tree height is 10 ~ 15m. When the tree is old, it can be thinned appropriately. For large oil tea gardens, a single row of shelterbelts should be set up every 50 ~ 60 meters on the windward side. Shelterbelt should be planted before Camellia oleifera 1 ~ 2 years, or planted with 2 ~ 3-year-old young trees to play a protective role in the early stage.
When building windbreaks on the slope of the valley, because the wind direction of the valley wind is the same as that of the main ditch of the valley, it is best for the main windbreaks not to cross the valley, and the windbreaks at the lower part of the valley should be slightly inclined to the mouth of the valley, which is conducive to the downward flow of cold air; The windbreak forest in the upper part of the valley and its marginal forest belt should be airtight forest belt, and the auxiliary forest belt parallel to it should be reticular forest type.
The width of forest belt, the main forest belt should not exceed 20m, and the auxiliary forest belt should not exceed10m.
The tree species in the forest belt should be selected to be suitable for local growth, without diseases and insect pests similar to Camellia oleifera, with rapid growth, good windproof effect and certain economic value. The main tree species should be fast-growing, tall and deep-rooted trees. Commonly used tree species are Abies, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Picea, Pinus elliottii, Ligustrum lucidum, Cryptomeria fortunei, Schima superba, Holly, Cinnamomum camphora and Boxwood. The shrub can be Amorpha fruticosa, shrub willow, Fraxinus mandshurica, Mulberry, and Hippophae rhamnoides. Combined with fruit protection, the tree species of forest belt can also choose pepper, Gleditsia sinensis, rose and so on. Shrub combined with shelterbelt can also use thorns, bitter oranges and so on.
Second, the forest road system
In order to improve the field operation, production materials and transportation efficiency of Camellia oleifera, and facilitate the walking of mechanical vehicles, it is necessary to plan the road system and infrastructure of Camellia oleifera.
1. The main road should be located in a moderate position, running through the whole park and connecting with the roads outside the park and the main roads in the park. The main road is 5 ~ 7 meters wide, and fertilizer and camellia oleifera can be transported by car. Mountain gardens should design main roads around mountains or zigzag main roads according to their area and slope height.
2. The main road is the dividing line of the community. The main road is generally 3 ~ 5 meters wide, which can pass small vehicles and agricultural machinery, and is generally used as the dividing line of the working area in the park. The branch road is the connecting line between the park and the community, with a width of 2.5 ~ 3 meters, which can be used by small four-wheeled vehicles. In hilly oil tea garden, the main road and branch road should be divided into small areas, which can be inclined uphill, or turn around the mountain or zigzag. The main roads and branches along the hillside should be located on the watershed line rather than the catchment line to avoid being washed away by water. The ascending gradient along the slope shall not exceed 7 ~ 10. Drainage ditches should be built inside the road, and the road surface is inclined inward.
3. The working road is located in or between communities, and is connected with the branch road. The width of the working road is 1 ~ 1.5 m, which is mainly used by pedestrians, so that all kinds of production materials can be transported to the working area more conveniently and the management measures in the oil tea garden can be implemented smoothly. In the terraced oil tea garden, the side ridges can be used as sidewalks, and there is no need to spend another road. For a small oil tea garden, as long as the labor intensity is not great, you can not build roads and try not to waste land.
The buildings in the park depend on the size of the park. There are mainly staff lounge, tool room, fruit drying field, fruit storage room, production database, nursing room, dispensing pool and septic tank. Its building location, according to the terrain, is built in a zone with convenient transportation and convenient management and operation of the whole park.
Third, the forest irrigation and drainage system
Because of the uneven distribution of rainfall throughout the year, it is inconsistent with the timing of water demand of Camellia oleifera, which is easy to cause high temperature and water shortage, which will inevitably affect the growth and expansion of Camellia oleifera fruit and the transformation of oil, and will produce a large number of fruit drops. It is an important measure to improve the yield of Camellia oleifera by enhancing the water storage and water conservation capacity of forest land and diverting water for irrigation as soon as possible. However, Camellia oleifera belongs to dry land tree species, and accumulated water will lead to root necrosis of Camellia oleifera, so attention should be paid to drainage in spring rainy season to prevent waterlogging.
The drainage and irrigation system of oil tea garden includes four aspects: storage, diversion, drainage and irrigation, which should be able to irrigate in drought and discharge in flood.
1. Irrigation system. For oil tea gardens in hilly areas, the first consideration is the planning and design of irrigation system, that is, water storage, water delivery and garden irrigation network. Where there is water, small reservoirs, ponds or reservoirs should be built on site to store water in rainy season and irrigate in dry season.
Irrigation system construction: Modern irrigation methods include sprinkler irrigation, micro-spraying, drip irrigation and infiltration irrigation, as well as traditional brick-concrete ditch irrigation, underground pipeline irrigation and ditch irrigation. These methods are used everywhere, but ditch irrigation is the most common one. For ditch irrigation, the channel can be designed by combining road system and drainage system. Open channels are set beside large and small roads and shelterbelts to form an irrigation and drainage network system, with irrigation channels at the high end and drainage channels at the low end. In this way, water is wasted. Water-saving irrigation techniques such as sprinkler irrigation, micro-spray irrigation and drip irrigation are beneficial to saving water and better meeting the water demand of camellia oleifera. However, this irrigation method requires high water quality, otherwise it is easy to block the pipeline, so special attention should be paid to the design and installation. Water-saving irrigation is the development direction of agricultural irrigation. When economic conditions permit, a reservoir can be built at the height of the oil tea garden, and infiltration irrigation and drip irrigation can be designed and installed, which is the most advanced water-saving irrigation method.
2. Drainage system. The drainage system of oil tea garden in hilly and mountainous areas should be designed according to the trend of natural river network, and the ground open ditch drainage is mostly used, which mainly has the following three forms:
The first is the flood control ditch around the mountain. To build an oil tea garden in hilly areas, it is necessary to open drainage ditches above the terraces at the top of the mountain and inside the roads around the mountain at the foot of the mountain to prevent mountain torrents from washing away the terraces and roads in the garden, and also to store water to prevent drought. The size of the horizontal ditch depends on the rainwater collection area above it. Generally, the trench width is 1 m, the bottom width is 0.8 m, and the depth is about 0.8m. The flood control trench should be 0. 1%. The ditch on the inner side of the highway around the mountain at the foot of the mountain can be smaller, and the horizontal ditch on the mountainside does not need to be dug through, leaving a dike every 10 meter? , about 0.2 meters lower than the ditch surface, to accumulate small rain and buffer the flow. The horizontal ditch should be connected with the vertical ditch so as to discharge and store two stools.
The second is the vertical drainage ditch. We should try our best to use the natural catchment as a longitudinal drainage ditch, or dig some bamboo-shaped longitudinal drainage ditches on both sides of the main road and branch road to connect the back ditch of terraces at all levels with some drainage ditches in the middle, or replace the longitudinal drainage ditch with a path full of weeds, generally 20-30cm deep and 30-50cm wide. In order to reduce erosion, it is necessary to repair the longitudinal drainage ditch into a bamboo shape or the bottom of the drainage ditch is covered with weeds, and dig deep pits at the junction with the ditches on the inner walls of terraces on both sides.
The third is the contour drain. It is mainly built on the inside of the step and the inside of the intersection. Generally, the ditch is about 20 cm deep and 25 ~ 30 cm wide. Leave a mound below the ditch surface 10 cm every 5 ~ 8 meters, and modify the cross drainage ditch into a bamboo joint shape, commonly known as "bamboo joint ditch". (Jiangxi Jiujiang Liansheng Green Agriculture Development Co., Ltd. Chen Lijing Postal Code: 332000)