The emergence and development of ceramics are actually closely related to people's life and production practice. About 700 thousand years ago, in primitive times, people found that soil became hard after drying and burning, and could be made into various shapes to hold water, put food and so on This is the beginning of pottery. The invention of pottery is an important process of human civilization. It opens a new page for human beings to use, transform and fight against nature, which is of great historical significance and a milestone in the history of human production and development. According to the late Paleolithic pottery pieces found in Nihewan area, Yangyuan County, Hebei Province, China, China pottery has a long history of 1 1700 years. 1977 pottery found in peiligang village, Xinzheng county, Henan province, was determined by carbon 14, about 8000 years ago, and cultural sites of the same period were also found in cishan, Wu' an county, Hebei province. Painted pottery with Yangshao culture dating back more than 7,000 years has a strong flavor of life and a unique artistic style. Before the pottery is fired, it is coated on the ceramic blank. After firing, the color pattern is fixed on the surface of the ware and is not easy to fall off. Some people will paint a layer of white pottery before painting, so as to make the painted patterns more vivid. Painted pottery patterns are mainly flower patterns and geometric patterns, but there are also a few animal patterns. Geometric patterns mainly include: chordal pattern, reticulate pattern, sawtooth pattern, triangle pattern, chessboard pattern, hanging pattern, vortex pattern, circle pattern, zigzag pattern, wide band pattern, and moon, sun, big dipper and other patterns. Animal patterns, such as fish, birds and frogs, are common. There are many animal patterns, such as pig pattern, dog pattern and deer pattern. Some of them are running while others are standing. The appearance of these animal images reflects the important position of fishing and hunting in the primitive social life at that time. The numbers are few. 1973, a pottery bowl was produced in Datong County, Qinghai Province. There are three groups of dancers painted on the inner wall of its mouth, a group of five people. The dancers are neat, elegant and delicate. Plant patterns, rice and wheat grains, branches and leaves, petals were found on the pottery of Hemudu culture in Zhejiang province 6800 years ago, and some of them have even been summarized into geometric shapes and mixed with geometric patterns to form patterns, forming a unique style and a special taste. Red pottery of Dawenkou culture more than 6000 years ago and black pottery and white pottery of Longshan culture more than 4000 years ago. Among them, the firing temperature of black pottery is about 1000℃, and there are three kinds of black pottery: fine mud, muddy mud and sand inclusion, especially the fine mud thin-walled black pottery has the highest production level and has the reputation of "black as paint and thin as paper". This kind of black clay elutriation is wheeled, and the sidewall thickness is only 0.5-1mm. After polishing and firing, it is black and bright, known as "eggshell pottery", with amazing skills and reputation at home and abroad. During this period, black pottery was mainly polished with plain surface, with few decorative patterns such as strings, scratches and carved holes. White pottery refers to a kind of pottery with white surface and fetal quality. Made of porcelain clay or kaolin, the firing temperature is about 1000 degrees. White pottery is basically hand-made, and will gradually adopt mud lath system and wheel system in the future. White pottery appeared in the late Longshan culture. The production of bronze wares in Shang Dynasty was brilliant, but the main utensils in the daily life of ordinary people were still gray pottery. At that time, there were different workshops specializing in firing argillaceous gray pottery and argillaceous mixed sand gray pottery. But in the later period, white pottery and printed hard pottery developed greatly, especially white pottery. The pattern adopts the artistic characteristics of bronze ware, which is gorgeous and precious. In the early Neolithic period, gray pottery appeared in the cultural sites of Khan Lee. There are a certain number of gray pottery in Yangshao culture and Longshan culture, especially cookware, most of which are gray pottery with sand. In the Xia Dynasty (early Erlitou culture), gray pottery and sand pottery occupied the main position. At the same time, primitive blue glazed porcelain with kaolin as the tire appeared in Shang Dynasty. After the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were many kinds of pottery, including bricks and tiles, pottery figurines and building utensils. This period is the heyday of the development of relief hard ceramics, and its raw materials are basically close to the original celadon according to the chemical composition analysis. Due to the high iron content of raw materials used for printing hard pottery, the tire color is dark, mostly purplish brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown and grayish brown. Printed hard pottery is durable, mostly containers. Printed hard pottery of the Shang Dynasty was found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period, printed hard pottery was mainly popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong and Guangxi in the south. By the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, it had become a custom to bury with pottery figurines, beasts and pottery. Therefore, the pottery industry is more prosperous. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum discovered in Xi 'an in recent years, and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Western Han Dynasty discovered in Xianyang, Shaanxi and Xuzhou, Jiangsu, are exquisite in shape and magnificent in lineup, which are rare in the world. Due to the social stability and the rapid development of agriculture and handicrafts in the Han Dynasty, the wind of heavy burial prevailed among the people. The pottery industry burned a lot of pottery for burial. At this time, the painted pottery that appeared in the Warring States period was developed and glazed pottery was widely used. A kind of glazed pottery with lead as flux appeared in Han Dynasty, also known as "lead glazed pottery". The successful production of lead glazed pottery is an outstanding achievement of pottery-making technology in Han Dynasty. Adding lead to glaze can reduce the melting point of glaze, and also increase the brightness of glaze, so that iron and copper colorants present beautiful green, yellow, brown and other colors, with green glaze as the most, green as jade, radiant. Lead-glazed pottery unearthed in tombs sometimes has a silvery white luster on the surface, which is mistakenly called "silver glaze". According to the scientific research of archaeologists, it is found that the reason for the formation of "silver glaze" is that the glaze is wet for a long time, and multiple layers of deposits are precipitated on the glaze, which produces silver luster under the refraction of light. Tang Sancai belongs to lead glazed pottery, which is made of kaolin and colored glaze. Porcelain production in Song Dynasty developed rapidly, and the pottery industry tended to decline, but some special pottery varieties still had unique charm. For example, the three colors in the Song and Liao Dynasties, the teapot in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the pottery sculptures in Shiwan, Guangdong Province are all unique and highly ornamental. However, after all, pottery is a low-level product of the primary stage of civilization, and its own defects are destined to be gradually eliminated by history. With the development of history and the passage of time, people once again found in life and production practice that a certain kind of clay will become harder, more delicate, more beautiful and more practical after being fired at high temperature, so porcelain came into being. Porcelain is a great invention in ancient China. In the long historical years, the industrious and wise Chinese ancestors constantly summed up, innovated, improved and created on the original basis, wrote an unprecedented brilliant chapter and made great contributions to human civilization. According to historical documents, there is the word "porcelain" in the wooden slips unearthed at Mawangdui in the Western Han Dynasty. Xu Shen of the Jin Dynasty also explained the word porcelain in detail in Shuowen, saying that porcelain is a "solid tile". However, with the deepening of research work and the application of modern scientific means in porcelain research, the theory of the origin of Shang and Zhou Dynasties has occupied an overwhelming advantage. Because porcelain is durable, clean and beautiful, not easy to corrode, far cheaper than gold, silver, copper, jade and lacquerware, and the raw materials are widely distributed and rich, it develops rapidly and easily becomes an indispensable part of people's material life. As early as the Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, primitive celadon appeared in China. Therefore, it can be said that the appearance of porcelain is the inevitable result of the development of ceramic manufacturing technology. When the following three conditions are met, porcelain will be created from the development of pottery technology. First, porcelain stone rich in sericite is used as raw material for green tires; The second is the masonry technology of kiln, which can increase the temperature of kiln bed to 1300 degrees, that is, the invention and application of dragon kiln; Thirdly, the development of plant ash glaze. These three conditions basically reached maturity in Shangyu and Cixi, Ningbo, Zhejiang during the Eastern Han Dynasty 1800 years ago. Yongjia and other places have successively discovered the ruins of porcelain kilns in the Han Dynasty; Porcelain products were found in the tombs of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, such as Zhongzhou Road, Shaogou in Luoyang, Henan, Lujiazhuang in Anping, Hebei, Boxian in Anhui, Yiyang in Hunan, Liujiajiazi in Dangyang, Hubei and Shaojiagou in Gaoyou, Jiangsu, especially in Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Among them, there are four series of linen celadon pots unearthed from the tomb in the seventh year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (164), celadon ear cups unearthed from the tomb in the fourth year of Ping Dynasty (175), five-ring pots, wells, fuming stoves, ghost stoves and celadon pots unearthed from the tomb in the fifth year of Ping Dynasty (176), and these are clear. Because Zhejiang is rich in porcelain clay minerals, and porcelain stone minerals are generally buried not deep from the surface, it is easy to mine. Zhejiang porcelain clay is mainly a weathered rock mineral containing sericite pegmatite. Those with low weathering degree contain some feldspar, while those with high weathering degree contain more kaolinite minerals. This forms a natural advantage. As long as this porcelain stone is used as the main raw material, it can be made into porcelain tires. This mineral has high iron content and is suitable for reduction sintering. Under the influence of reducing atmosphere, high-priced iron is reduced to low-priced iron, which has a strong fluxing effect and helps ceramic tires to sinter at a lower temperature. In the long-term porcelain-making practice, porcelain kiln workers have made great improvements in the selection of raw materials, the elutriation of embryo mud, the molding of utensils, glazing and firing, which has created the necessary technical conditions for the appearance of porcelain. From the observation of the natural environment around the porcelain kiln site, it is generally rich in hydraulic resources, and at that time, pedal hammers and water hammers were widely used, so it is likely that water hammers have been used to crush porcelain clay at this time to improve the fineness and production efficiency of clay. During the excavation of the Hanyao site in Shangyu, Shandong Province, Zhang Zi found a component of the pottery cart-the porcelain shaft top bowl. This kind of shaft top bowl is mortar-shaped, and the wall is coated with uniform blue glaze, which is very smooth; Its outer wall is octagonal, with a small top and a large bottom. It is embedded in the center of the wheel and added to the top of the shaft. Once pushed by external force, the wheel can rotate rapidly and continuously. The close cooperation of this advanced pottery car equipment and skilled drawing technology makes the porcelain shape regular and the efficiency greatly improved. Thus, it is no accident that Zhejiang became the birthplace of China celadon. Celadon unearthed from Xiaoxiantan kiln site in Shangyu County at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty is fine in texture, good in light transmittance and low in water absorption, and it was fired at a high temperature of1260 ~1310℃. The surface of the device is glazed, and the combination of fetal glaze is quite firm; The glaze layer is transparent, shiny, clear and elegant, and beautiful. In addition, black glazed porcelain was also found in the kiln sites of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Shangyu and Ningbo. Black glazed porcelain has also been unearthed from Han tombs in Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places, especially the tomb in Jianning, Hao County, Anhui Province for three years (170), which proves that its firing time should be in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty. Obviously, this innovative product is developed on the basis of celadon. The colorant of black porcelain and celadon is iron, which is bluish green or bluish yellow after high temperature firing, so it is called celadon. Try to eliminate the color interference of iron in the process, that is, white porcelain; On the contrary, if the iron glaze is colored, it will become black and shiny black porcelain. The period of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties is a period of rapid development and growth of Jiangnan porcelain industry. Porcelain kilns were established in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi in the east and southeast coast, and in the two lakes and Sichuan in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the west to burn porcelain with local characteristics. Among them, Yueyao has the fastest development, the widest distribution of kiln sites and the highest quality porcelain. During the more than 100 years from the rebellion of the Eight Kings in the Western Jin Dynasty to the melee of the Sixteen Countries, the northern region suffered from war, economic depression and extreme decline of handicrafts. Therefore, during this period, porcelain-making technology has always been unique to the South. In 439 AD, Wu Tai of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the northern part of China, and failed to invade the Song Dynasty in 450 ~ 45 AD1year, thus establishing the situation of separation between the north and the south. In 458 AD, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the system of land equalization, which helped dependent farmers to set up households to divide their fields, restricted the use of slaves by ordinary landlords, and restored the development of agriculture, thus making the revival of handicrafts possible. Judging from the celadon unearthed in Hebei and Henan, Hebei and Henan are likely to become the central producing areas of celadon in the Northern Dynasties. White porcelain first appeared in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Early white porcelain, the tire material is fine and white, obviously washed, but not glazed; The glaze color is milky white and the glaze layer is thin and moist; The glaze thickness is cyan and the surface is generally blue. The appearance of white porcelain has opened up a broad road for the porcelain industry. White porcelain includes shadow, blue and white, underglaze red, bucket color, multicolored, pastel and so on. Therefore, the invention of white porcelain is another new milestone in the history of China ceramics. Black porcelain is produced in the south. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, black porcelain was fired in the north. A four-series cylinder with black glaze unearthed from Ang Cui's tomb in Northern Qi Dynasty in Pingshan County, Hebei Province, indicates that mature black porcelain appeared in the North during the Northern Qi Dynasty. 1975, a piece of black glazed porcelain was found in the tomb of Li Xizong of the Eastern Wei Dynasty in Zanhuang County, Hebei Province. Although the shape of porcelain was unknown at that time, the glaze was black and bright, the porcelain tire was hard and thin, and the production was regular. This black porcelain is twelve years earlier than the black porcelain jar unearthed in Ang Cui's tomb. It can be inferred that there was black porcelain in the Eastern Wei and Northern Dynasties. The appearance of celadon, white porcelain and black porcelain marked the rapid development of northern porcelain handicraft industry and laid the foundation for the widespread appearance of famous kilns in Tang and Song Dynasties. Sui unified the whole country on the basis of the Northern Dynasties, and the cultural outlook of the early Sui Dynasty also had a strong color of the Northern Dynasties. With the political unification of the north and the south, it also promoted the confluence and blending of the economy and culture between the north and the south, and began a new period. This new period is embodied in two aspects of porcelain-making technology:
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