Writing methods of English abstracts

There are basically two tenses in Chinese: simple present tense and simple past tense. Because academic papers are usually written in the simple present tense, abstracts are also written in the simple present tense. The purpose, methods, results and conclusions are mostly in the simple present tense, and the background introduction is mostly in the simple past tense. The simple present tense is used to describe the research purpose and scope, research content, results and conclusions; The simple past tense is used to describe the work done by the author before writing a paper, and it can also be used to convey the reports, discussions and research contents of published documents.

Voice and people

Advocate the use of passive voice. Because using passive voice can not only omit the actor and avoid expressing "we", but also take the things that need to be emphasized as the subject, highlight its position and help explain the facts. English abstracts often use the passive voice of the third person, which can avoid mentioning the relevant performers and make the writing appear objective. At the same time, sentences in passive voice have a large room for adjustment in structure, which is conducive to the use of appropriate rhetorical devices, the expansion of noun phrases and the expansion of sentence information. But sometimes the active voice is more concise and expressive in structure than the passive voice.

Translation of English abstracts

English abstracts should be written directly in English, so as to express the original text more directly and accurately in English thinking mode. However, this is still difficult for some authors. In the process of translation, we should avoid literal translation of Chinese, grasp the original text from the text level and choose the appropriate translation unit. Liu Shicong believes that in the process of translation, it is difficult to completely separate analysis from transformation. Taking theme and rheme as translation units, on the one hand, it pays attention to its own formal characteristics, on the other hand, it also pays attention to its cohesive function in the text, which can unify the analysis and transformation of the original text.

Writing of English abstracts

According to the requirements of EI, a good English abstract should answer the following four questions: 1) What do you want to do?

2) How did you do it (method); 3) What results have been obtained and what conclusions can be drawn (results and conclusions); 4) What is unique about your Pan Er?

When explaining the purpose of the paper at the beginning, the first sentence of the English abstract should not repeat the title or part of the title, and at the same time, the abstract should talk as little or no background information as possible. When introducing methods, results and conclusions, it is forbidden to generalize and be empty. When writing, you should explain the innovation and uniqueness of the paper as clearly as possible. The following requirements are put forward for the grammar "EI" of English abstracts:

1) Try to use short sentences; 2) Use the active voice instead of the passive voice; 3) Be as concise as possible, and remove all unnecessary words that cannot enhance the understanding of the abstract; 4) Use the past tense when introducing the work done in the past, and use the present tense when introducing the results and conclusions. (1) Research background, purpose and scope-common present tense; (2) Research methods, means or steps-commonly used past tense, present tense or present perfect tense; (3) the results of the study-the common past tense; (4) The main conclusion of the study is that present tense or modal auxiliary verbs are commonly used. Now take the following English abstract as an example to analyze and explain.

punctuate

The improper use of punctuation marks in English abstracts of sci-tech periodicals is very common, which is mainly caused by the author's habit of using Chinese punctuation marks. This kind of problem is not obvious in manuscripts and reports, but it is very eye-catching after it is officially printed. Therefore, when organizing English abstracts, we should pay special attention to the following points: (1) English punctuation marks only account for 1 English characters (roughly half a Chinese character) except dashes. Chinese and English commas, semicolons, colons, etc. At first glance, it looks exactly the same, but it's actually different. When arranging English abstracts, English should be used to avoid full-angle punctuation in English, such as Darwin's theory of natural selection, which will affect the beautiful layout. (2) There are no ","and "~" in English punctuation. In English, titles of books are generally expressed in italics, commas are used when pauses are used, and a half-word line "-"is used to indicate numerical ranges. In English, Arabic numerals are sometimes preceded by "~" to indicate approximation. (3) The dashes, number range numbers and hyphens in this paper are "—"(2 English characters in length) and "—"(65,438+0 English characters), while the corresponding symbols in Chinese are 65,438+0 times in length: "—"(2 Chinese characters in length) and "—"(65,438+0 times in length. In addition, ellipsis in English is three English periods "... separated by spaces, not ...". (4) In English, whether quotation marks are single sentences, phrases, clauses or independent components, commas and periods at the end are enclosed in quotation marks. (5) There are no spaces before and after Chinese punctuation marks, but English is different. English dot is not empty in front, but a space behind it; English dash "-",numeric range number "-"and hyphen "-"are not preceded or followed by spaces; There are spaces outside English quotation marks and brackets, but there are no spaces inside. (6) When abbreviations with abbreviations are located at the end of sentences, a black dot can be omitted, but when ellipsis is located at the end of sentences, a period cannot be omitted. (7) You can use several conjunctions to modify the same noun, such as "the second, third or fourth kind of mail" and "three or four syllable words", but you can't write "three or four syllable words". Example: Blake Moore wrote, "In any sense we say, Mr. Eliot's poems are not destructive ... such as dashes, parentheses, commas-all of which are used to separate the contents in brackets (see page11).

digital representation

At present, the expression of numbers in English abstracts of sci-tech periodicals is rather casual. When using numbers in English, whether to use words (one, two, three, ...) or Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3,-) needs to follow certain rules, just as there are certain rules for using Chinese characters or Arabic numerals in Chinese scientific manuscripts. Generally speaking, the numbers of 1 (1 to 9) are usually expressed in words, while the numbers above 10 tend to use Arabic numerals, which also follows the principles of readability, easy writing and consistency. Numbers with statistical significance, together with unit symbols and number symbols, are generally Arabic numerals. When compiling, we should pay attention to the following problems: (1) can only use English figures when expressing the estimate: about five dreams (about 500), approximately forty days (nearly 40,000). (2) Arabic numerals should not appear at the beginning of a sentence. For example, "Six percent of students voted." (6% of students vote) should not be "6% of students vote." . In this case, it is best to rewrite the sentence and avoid starting with a number. For example, "the fifth new product is scheduled to be released next year" (there are 15 new products decided to be launched next year). It can be rewritten as: "The company decided to release the new product 15 next year" (the company decided to launch the new product 15 next year). (3) When two numbers are connected, one is written and the other is digital, depending on which method is shorter: "36 50W amplifiers" or "the third six 50W amplifiers" (36 50W amplifiers). (4) Numbers with more than 4 digits shall be separated by spaces of 1/4 every 3 digits. At present, commas are still used as separators in many books and periodicals. In view of the fact that some countries use commas to represent decimal points, in order to avoid confusion, the International Organization for Standardization suggests that numbers should be separated by spaces in scientific and technological books and periodicals. This practice has begun to be accepted by people. For example, 23,000,960,000 square kilometers; A × 10n is recommended for sci-tech books and periodicals. (5) Because the figures represented by billion, trillion and trillion are different in Britain and America, they should be avoided in scientific and technological manuscripts. For example, "1.25 million population" is best expressed as "1.25× 109 population".

The writing mode of English abstract

English abstracts have a fixed text structure and complete content. The text structure of English abstracts usually involves three parts: topic sentence, extended sentence and conclusion sentence, covering research background, purpose and scope, research methods, means or steps, research results and main conclusions or suggestions. Due to the limited number of words in the abstract (English abstract generally does not exceed 250 words), the background, purpose and scope of the research can sometimes be omitted, and the focus of writing is on the latter three aspects. The common sentence patterns or expressions of 1. topic sentences are mostly used to introduce the research topics and fields involved in the paper, provide research background information or state research purposes. Common sentence patterns or expressions are as follows:

(1) Previous studies have shown that …;

(2) It has been proved that ...;

(3) Outlines the principles of …;

(4) A device for ... is described;

(5) The automation of ... has been tested;

(6) The explanation of ...;

(7) Handling the use of ...;

(8) Examined the mechanism of ...;

(9) The dependence of ... holds;

Make an analysis of;

The purpose of this study is to

To ...;

The purpose of our research is ...

(13) The purpose of this survey is …

(14) The purpose of this paper is ...

(15) The purpose of this paper is ...

(16) The author conducted this research in order to find out the discovery and revelation.

Get a demo test ...;

(17) for the purpose of ...;

This paper discusses ...

(19) is described and discussed based on ...

The problems analyzed and dealt with in this paper are put forward.

(20) This paper discusses and analyzes ….

2. Common sentence patterns or expressions of extended sentences An extended sentence follows a topic sentence, usually in the middle of an abstract text, describing research methods, means, processes, steps or results. Common sentence patterns or expressions of extended sentences are as follows.

(1) ... method is used to ...;

(2) The purpose of the experiment is ...

(3) The investigation has been carried out to ...;

(4) The data is derived by …;

(5) The experimental results were obtained by …;

(6) The test was carried out under the condition of ……;

(7) Observing the relationship between ... and ...;

(8) Described the theoretical process of …;

(9) The method is based on ...;

(10)… can be achieved by using ….

3. Common sentence patterns or expressions of summary sentences

The conclusion sentence is placed at the end of the article and is usually used to introduce the main research results, put forward original opinions or suggestions, and state the main conclusions. The sentence patterns or expressions commonly used in summary sentences are as follows:

The survey results show that ...;

(2) The results show that ...

(3) The conclusion of this paper is ...

(4) This research is leading.

The author concludes that …

(5) This study enables us to draw the following conclusions:

(6) The conclusion is ...;

(7) The results are consistent with …;

(8) Test experiments show that ...

(9) Suggestions ...;

(10) These results may be important.

Hint that ...;

(10) These results are of great significance to ...

Isn't it common to take a short paragraph from a material and write it in a paper? When writing a thesis in my school, the tense of the abstract is usually the same as that of the part with the abstract. At least my teacher did it. This paper ... makes up for the shortcomings of manual and experimental calculation and improves the ability of analyzing and solving problems.