In daily study, work and life, everyone is familiar with the paper. The thesis is a kind of reasoning article that studies in various academic fields and describes the achievements of academic research. So, how to write a paper? The following is the research paper on outstanding traditional culture of contemporary college students that I compiled for you. Welcome to read the collection.
1 Abstract: China's traditional culture has a long history and is rich in philosophical thoughts and moral concepts, which is the cultural essence to promote the all-round development of contemporary college students. Starting with the basic connotation of Chinese excellent traditional culture, this paper deeply analyzes the contemporary value of Chinese excellent traditional culture and the reasons for its lack of moral education for college students, and puts forward the practical application path of Chinese excellent traditional culture in colleges and universities.
Keywords: college students; Moral cultivation; China traditional culture; Basic connotation
First, the basic connotation and contemporary value of China's excellent traditional culture.
China's excellent traditional culture refers to those cultures that have stood the test of practice, time and social merit inheritance and have a history of more than 5,000 years. She is the essence and charm of China traditional culture, which not only plays a positive role in promoting the long-term development of the Chinese nation, but also has important reference significance today. Its rich connotation and contemporary value are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. Implementing the principle of benevolence and paying attention to "courtesy" will help to build a harmonious interpersonal relationship. The idea of "benevolence" has existed for a long time, and Confucius promoted it to an extremely important position and became the core concept of Confucius' thought. It is precisely because of Confucius' advocacy that "benevolence" ranks first among the "five permanent members" and becomes the core content of China's traditional culture. Confucius' thought of benevolence is extremely rich in connotation, which embodies the simple humanistic concept. If "benevolence" is implicit and is a person's inner moral emotion and requirement, then "courtesy" is explicit, which is a moral norm of interpersonal relationship and can reflect a person's benevolence. Confucius said, "A man's inhumanity is like courtesy", "A gentleman can live on the shore if he knows by writing and promises by courtesy", and Mencius said, "The heart of resignation is the end of courtesy". These thoughts are consistent with the construction of moral civilization in modern society. They advocate that people should respect each other, reflect on their filial piety and be grateful to the society, which will help to build a harmonious interpersonal relationship.
2. Advocate a correct "view of justice and benefit" and emphasize the correct handling of the relationship between justice and benefit. Righteousness means propriety. In traditional culture, it refers to moral and spiritual principles, while profit refers to personal desires. China's traditional culture emphasizes righteousness and advocates the spirit of "seeing profit and forgetting righteousness". The concept of taking righteousness as the top covers the following aspects: first, to seek profit, we must take righteousness as the premise and righteousness as the first. Secondly, while seeking profit, we should follow the standard of righteousness. . It is precisely because China's traditional culture emphasizes "righteousness and benefit" and "sacrifice one's life for righteousness" that the excellent quality of the Chinese nation has been formed and "righteousness" has become a well-known basic moral norm.
3. Emphasizing the correct concept of "credit" is conducive to cultivating the values of honesty and trustworthiness. Believers are sincere. It is one of the "five permanents" in China traditional culture, the core content of China excellent traditional culture, and represents the most basic moral principles. Honesty is the foundation of human existence in the world, and it is the bridge and link of communication and mutual trust between people. The Analects of Confucius said: "A gentleman can't speak with words", "A man can't stand without faith", and Mencius said: "He who is sincere and motionless has nothing; No one can move if you are dishonest. " The traditional culture of China emphasizes the correct concept of "credit", which is conducive to cultivating the values of honesty and trustworthiness.
4. Advocating the concept of "harmony between man and nature" is conducive to establishing an ecological civilization concept of respecting, advocating and protecting nature. "Harmony between man and nature" occupies an important position in China's excellent traditional culture, which contains simple materialist dialectical thought. From a philosophical point of view, the idea of "the unity of heaven and man" holds that "both heaven and man have virtue", and the universe is not only a material field, but also a field of life, spirit and morality. Heaven is nature; People, that is, human beings. As far as the relationship between man and society is concerned, it points out the dialectical, harmonious and unified relationship between man and nature, between man and society, and between people, and points out that man is a part of nature and should belong to nature, and should be able to adapt to the ever-changing social environment and constantly conform to the law of natural development, so as to achieve the ideal realm of harmony between man and nature and happiness between man and nature. At a time when resource constraints are tightening, environmental pollution is extremely serious and ecological crisis has become a global hidden danger, the significance of this concept is self-evident.
Second, the problems existing in the current excellent traditional culture education for college students and the reasons for its absence.
At present, although colleges and universities have strengthened the traditional culture education for college students, the current situation of excellent traditional culture education for college students in China is still unsatisfactory, such as students' weak awareness and interest in learning traditional culture, systematic lack of traditional culture education content in colleges and universities, distorted values of college students and weak traditional moral concepts.
The specific reasons are as follows: First, the factors of college students themselves. Nowadays, college students lack knowledge of traditional culture and motivation to learn. Under the influence of exam-oriented education mechanism, they often pay more attention to the study of professional knowledge, while the study of traditional culture is often only perfunctory. Moreover, their psychological development is not yet mature, their ability to distinguish right from wrong needs to be improved, their outlook on life, world outlook and values are not yet stable, their curiosity is heavy, and they are easily disturbed by novel external environment. Especially now, with the advance of economic globalization and the impact of different cultures and values, they are easily influenced by all kinds of negative cultural thoughts, and then they are resistant to China's traditional culture. Secondly, the influence of social environment.
Since the reform and opening up, China has been invaded by western culture. In this social environment, college students' self-confidence and pride in China's traditional culture have declined sharply. Moreover, the traditional culture education of contemporary college students has not yet formed a joint force of concern and support from the whole society. Thirdly, influenced by the lack of traditional culture and education in China. Due to various social factors, there are also a series of problems in the inheritance of traditional culture in colleges and universities. For example, colleges and universities tend to take exam-oriented education as the guide, emphasize grades and scores unilaterally, and despise the education of traditional culture. In addition, due to the influence of utilitarianism and pragmatism, China's higher education shows a strong tendency of scientism and utilitarianism, and attaches importance to practical disciplines such as engineering and the improvement of scientific research level, while traditional cultural education is ignored to some extent.
Third, the practical application path of China excellent traditional culture in colleges and universities
1. Renew the concept of education and set up a reasonable curriculum plan. As the saying goes, ideas come first. To strengthen the excellent traditional culture education of college students, we must first update our educational concepts. It is necessary to make students, parents, schools and the whole society realize the value of traditional culture, change the tendency of intellectual education first and pragmatism only, and attach importance to college students' learning of excellent traditional culture. At present, most of the traditional cultural education in colleges and universities belongs to general courses and is conducted in the form of elective courses, because many teaching management institutions and college students themselves have insufficient understanding of general courses and elective courses. Related courses often lack an effective teaching effect evaluation mechanism, and there are problems such as teaching becoming a mere formality, arbitrariness and inability to evaluate the effect. Therefore, colleges and universities need to set up a reasonable curriculum plan, establish a set of perfect traditional culture education and teaching system and good education and teaching means.
2. Create an elegant campus environment and an atmosphere of educating people with traditional culture. Traditional culture education can not only rely on classroom teaching, but also help college students get close to and understand traditional culture through various methods and forms, and a good campus culture is an educational force that cannot be ignored. As we all know, the campus environment is the carrier of cultural spirit, and the education of excellent traditional culture in China cannot be separated from the elegant campus environment. Therefore, colleges and universities should start with creating an elegant humanistic environment and a good atmosphere for educating people with traditional culture. By creating an elegant campus cultural environment, traditional cultural elements should be brought into the campus environment construction as much as possible, so that college students can fully understand and agree with the contemporary value of China's excellent traditional culture. Make contemporary college students stay in the elegant campus with rich China cultural customs and charm, always feel the nourishment of the soft environment of excellent traditional culture, enhance cultural taste and cultivate healthy personality.
3. Carry out educational activities on the theme of traditional culture, focusing on entertaining. China's excellent traditional culture education should take cultural classics as the main content, strive for the combination of specialization and refinement, step by step, pay attention to entertaining, guide and inspire. Most of the carriers of China's traditional culture are China's classic works, which may make beginners feel bored. The ancients said: "If people are not far away from interest, they are absent-minded, although they have learned nothing." Therefore, colleges and universities should carry out various educational activities on the theme of traditional culture, show the charm of traditional culture as close as possible to students' lives, and make the original boring teaching of traditional culture full of interest.
References:
[1] Dou Kun, Liu Xinke. Contemporary value and inheritance of China traditional culture [J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Social Science Edition), 2011(03):115-165438+.
[2] Li Youqiu. On the Excellent Traditional Culture and Education in China [J]. Journal of Hunan Institute of Socialism, 2009(02):82-84.
[3] Zhang Zai. Zhang Ziquan's Book (Volume 6), Four Notes by Zhonghua Book Company, page 2.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the cultivation of college students' humanistic quality, grasps the connotation of the times in the inheritance and innovation of traditional culture, and explores the new space of college students' civilized quality education mode in the new era through the research on the value and application of traditional culture in college students' ideological and political education.
Keywords: traditional culture; College students; Civilization literacy education
Under the background of globalization and increasingly complex new media environment, college students' values, ways of thinking and behavior have changed greatly compared with before. Influenced by western thoughts, lifestyles and values, college students' ideological fields tend to be diversified, and their sense of collective identity is weakened. However, the lack of traditional culture and national culture education makes the education mode of teenagers' civilized literacy in trouble. With regard to the relationship between traditional culture and teenagers' civilized accomplishment, in recent years, most domestic studies tend to discuss traditional culture as an effective resource and educational carrier of ideological and political education, and traditional culture has become the content and means of ideological and political education and an auxiliary teaching tool. However, as a cultural symbol, excellent traditional cultural resources not only bear the function of cultural representation, but also shoulder the function of educating people. Exploring the new mode of youth civilization literacy education from the perspective of traditional culture has certain enlightenment significance for breaking through the predicament of college students' civilization literacy education after 1990.
First, the value and influence of traditional culture in ideological and political education in colleges and universities
The purpose of education is to improve the individual's civilization and literacy level. As the essence of China's material civilization and spiritual civilization, traditional culture plays an important role in building the Chinese nation's values, moral and ethical system and improving the individual's civilization and literacy level. Edward Hills, a contemporary American sociologist, believes that tradition is a way of doing things handed down from generation to generation around different fields of human activities, a cultural force with normative functions and moral demands for social behavior, and the accumulation of human creative imagination in a long history, which includes material products, ideas, practices and systems. Traditional culture is an important part in the history of human education, and higher education is a social mechanism shouldering the cultural inheritance in the contemporary era, and it plays an important role in the inheritance and innovation of traditional culture. Ideological and political education in colleges and universities should be based on the requirements of the times, infiltrate the essence of traditional culture into the ideals and beliefs of college students, integrate traditional culture with carrying forward the national spirit, cultivating the spiritual realm of self-reliance and self-reliance of college students, and improving their personality cultivation, so as to realize and give play to the educational function of traditional culture with the connotation of the times in the new period.
Second, explore the internal relationship between traditional culture and college students' civilized literacy education.
Culture is a way of life caused by civilization, and culture is a different way of life created by people in the process of creating civilization. Broadly speaking, culture and civilization are innate and inextricably linked. The internal mechanism of traditional cultural spirit and civilized literacy education is interlinked. "No nation's moral culture suddenly developed from a vacuum, and tradition is the deep-rooted source of the whole culture." As a microcosm of the practical experience of the whole nation, traditional culture covers all categories of natural science and social science. The sense of hardship, social responsibility and historical mission expressed in traditional culture are mapped to the sense of national responsibility in college students' civilized literacy; The concept of honesty in traditional culture is related to the correct concept of honesty of college students; The spirit of humility, courtesy, strict self-discipline and leniency in traditional culture takes care of college students' concept of civilized communication. The role of traditional culture in ideological and political education in colleges and universities can not be ignored. As an important part of ideological and political education in colleges and universities, college students' civilization literacy education cannot be separated from the influence of traditional culture. It can be said that the traditional cultural spirit still has the significance of the times today. The mutual mapping between traditional cultural resources and civilized literacy education also highlights the dialectical reflection of tradition and modernity. The post-90s students grow up in the new media environment, showing a diversified ideological tendency, while the historical nihilism caused by the lack of traditional culture and national culture makes the moral and cultural ecology of post-90s college students show a broken phenomenon. It is of great practical significance to explore the internal relationship between traditional culture and civilized literacy education and find a new way out for the dilemma of contemporary college students' civilized literacy education model.
Third, explore a new model of college students' civilized literacy education from the perspective of traditional culture.
In the inheritance of traditional culture, we should fully take care of the realistic environment and spiritual characteristics of college students' civilized literacy training, tap traditional cultural resources, and realize the integration of traditional culture and contemporary culture. In the form of education, we should not stick to the single platform education mode of theoretical courses such as ideological and moral cultivation, and constantly expand the multi-channel development of college students' civilized literacy education from the perspective of traditional culture.
1. Integrate classic traditional cultural resources and give play to the timeliness of civilized literacy education. At present, the ideological and political education in colleges and universities is becoming more and more complicated, and the emergence of new ideas has brought a vacuum in education management. Single ideological and political education can't undertake the important task of educating college students' world outlook, values and outlook on life in the new period. And "traditional culture has great ideological dominance, which can transcend the boundaries of region, class, party, race and time and produce great intangible cultural integration." China's traditional culture is rich in diverse thoughts and has potential aesthetic functions. In traditional culture, Confucianism advocates "harmonious thought of noble monks" and "five virtues of courtesy, tolerance, faithfulness, sensitivity and benefit", which are also mutually beneficial to the construction of contemporary civilization system. Integrating traditional cultural resources and giving full play to the timeliness of its moral and aesthetic functions is a new way to explore the civilized literacy education of contemporary college students.
2. Promote the integration of traditional cultural resources and new media communication, and create a new context for civilized literacy education in colleges and universities. Under the influence of new media communication, post-90s college students put forward higher requirements for educational means and methods such as value orientation, and the connotation education of traditional culture was impacted and deconstructed by consumerism culture represented by pictures and fast food. How to use online media resources to carry the educational function of traditional culture, open up multiple spaces for civilized literacy education in colleges and universities, and immediately and effectively solve the problems of vague cognitive objectives of college students' values, weak self-management awareness and weak self-restraint ability, has become an important topic to improve civilized literacy education for college students in the perspective of traditional culture in the new period. Under the new media situation, it is of great significance to explore the in-depth development of civilized literacy education in colleges and universities and promote the integration and development of traditional cultural resources and new media communication, which will play an important role in creating a new situation of civilized literacy education in colleges and universities. In view of the decline of modernity of traditional culture in ideological and political education in colleges and universities since the new period and the diversity and complexity of college students' values after the 1990s, this paper expounds the value influence and function of traditional culture on college students' civilized literacy education mode, and probes into the new requirements for teenagers' moral process and new ideas of civilized literacy education mode in the process of modernity of traditional culture, which has important guiding significance for forming scientific and standardized college students' civilized literacy education concept in practical work.
Precautions:
1. [America] Edward hills. On tradition [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 199 1 version.
2. Fan Ying. Introduction to social morality [M]. Shenzhen: Haitian Publishing House, 199 1.39.
3. Li Dawei. Innovation of College Students' Ideological and Political Education Based on the Dimension of Traditional Culture [J]. Moral Education World, 20 12, (2).
China's traditional culture has a history of thousands of years. It is the crystallization of the hard-working wisdom of the Chinese nation and an important spiritual wealth to cultivate the national spirit and quality. In the history of the Chinese nation, the Chinese nation thrived from generation to generation, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of China society. At present, college students' traditional culture education is facing difficulties, and effective countermeasures are needed to improve the basic quality of college students' traditional culture.
Keywords: college students; Traditional culture education; Dilemma; Countermeasures
First, the plight of college students' traditional culture education
1, the limitations of educational means
The current education system in China is essentially exam-oriented education. The traditional culture education of college students is mainly obtained through teachers' continuous explanation and students' self-study after class, but the knowledge received from the classroom is still very limited. As can be seen from college Chinese textbooks, most of the texts are masterpieces of ancient literature, but the number is small, and some of them are still reading texts. Teachers generally don't tell them in detail, so it is difficult for students to master nature and there are some problems in arrangement. Many famous works, such as "Difficult Road to Shu" and "Entering Wine", have appeared in middle schools and will continue to appear in college textbooks. Many college students' understanding of ancient traditional culture only stays on the cognition of famous works of ancient literature. When evaluating traditional culture and education, many college students copy and paste, and its lack is worrying.
2. The unscientific orientation of education
After college students enter the university, the school pays attention to students' professional courses and future employment, but ignores the education of traditional culture. This leads many college students to spend their main time studying professional knowledge, but also take time to take various certificates, such as CET-4 and CET-6 foreign language certificates and computer grade certificates. This actual situation has caused many college students to have no time even if they want to read books on traditional culture. In the long run, many college students not only forget traditional cultural knowledge, but even think that traditional cultural knowledge has no practical significance in the contemporary era, which leads to the disconnection between traditional culture and modern education, and the separation between tradition and modernity.
Second, measures to improve the effectiveness of college students' traditional culture education
1, multi-pronged grasp of traditional culture and education
First of all, we should strengthen the compilation of traditional culture education textbooks for college students. Secondly, teachers should encourage college students to read more books. As the guide of traditional culture education, teachers need to lose no time to recommend excellent traditional culture books to college students, let them choose the books they are interested in, and communicate with them through the Internet, telephone, forums and other forms, so as to make them interested in ancient traditional culture and deepen their understanding. Finally, the examination of traditional culture should proceed from reality. The real purpose of teaching is to enable students to apply what they have learned to practice and provide rational support for their future life. This requires teachers to pay attention to linking traditional culture with current culture when assessing students' traditional culture, so as to make China's ancient traditional culture shine brilliantly in the contemporary era and revive college students' confidence in traditional culture.
2. Traditional culture is closely integrated with modern education.
A good university looks at its cultural heritage, which is formed between continuous inheritance and innovation. When college students enter the university, their world outlook, outlook on life and values have not yet been finalized. Effective measures are needed to help them form their own "three views", and traditional cultural education is an indispensable and important aspect. The concept of "good health, a gentleman strives for self-improvement" has educated countless college students to keep forging ahead.
The traditional culture of the Chinese nation is the essence of the spirit of a certain era, and its formation process will inevitably bear the imprint of that era, but different eras have injected new vitality into the traditional culture and endowed it with new content of the times. The essence of traditional culture is the cultural category it contains, and its content is constantly changing due to the differences in production relations and lifestyles in different times. So the gap between traditional culture and modern education is not big. The key to the connection between traditional culture and modern education lies in making the past serve the present, constantly developing and innovating, and injecting the breath of a new era into traditional culture.
In a word, there are still some shortcomings in the traditional culture education of college students, such as unscientific educational means and unclear educational direction. Facing the difficulties in reality, we should take measures such as multi-pronged grasp of traditional education and close combination of traditional culture and modern education, and regard the traditional culture education of college students as a major event of the school. College students are the future of the motherland and the hope of the nation. We should let all college students establish traditional cultural awareness, shoulder the important mission of the modernization and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and make greater contributions to the prosperity of the motherland.
References:
Sue. On traditional culture and traditional culture education for college students [J]. Journal of Shandong University of Technology (Social Science Edition), 1998 (1).
[2] Chen Xiaoyun. An overview of the current situation of contemporary college students' traditional culture and an analysis of its causes [J]. Journal of Zhangzhou Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2005( 1).
Abstract: China's excellent traditional culture is an important cultural wealth. To strengthen the ideological and political education of college students, we must treat China traditional culture dialectically, discard its dross, extract its essence, draw nutrients from Chinese excellent traditional culture, standardize daily education, attach importance to opportunity education, and lead college students to deeply understand and consciously practice socialist core values.
Keywords: Chinese excellent traditional culture, ideological and political education, socialist core values, Confucianism
2 1 century, China's socialist construction has entered a critical period, which is an era of breaking the old and establishing the new, and also an era of diversified values. In a word, this is an era of great change. With the spread of modernization, the impact of various foreign value systems and the weakening of Confucian culture, the ontology on which the local moral value system depends, some people's values are distorted, their spirits are lost, and even their morality is corrupted. As a susceptible group, young college students are easily influenced by multiple values. How to strengthen the ideological and political education of college students and guide them to establish a correct outlook on life, values and world outlook is an important topic.
First, it is inevitable that China's excellent traditional culture will be integrated into college students' ideological and political education.
1. Integrating China's excellent traditional culture into college students' ideological and political education is an important requirement to promote college students' ideological and political education. Chinese excellent traditional culture is an important cultural wealth, the crystallization of the wisdom of Chinese sons and daughters, and the nutrient deposited in the history of Chinese civilization for thousands of years. The generation and accumulation of Chinese excellent traditional culture has effectively regulated the relationship between man and nature, man and man, man and society, and guided people to establish correct values, outlook on life and world outlook. Chinese excellent traditional culture is a good agent to coordinate the relationship between heaven, earth and people. Taking Confucianism as an example, Confucianism is a typical representative of traditional culture in China, and the essence of Confucianism contains many excellent traditional cultures. It is an ideological system with benevolence as its internal requirement and propriety as its external norm. Although Confucianism is a combination of dross and essence, Confucius' Confucianism emphasizes self-restraint at the internal moral level and the social realization mode of "learning from others". This moral constraint is to cultivate benevolence internally, rely on courtesy externally, and achieve harmony between people and society through benevolence and courtesy. To strengthen the ideological and political education of college students, we should give full play to the positive role of Chinese excellent traditional culture and make contributions to cultivating socialist core values.
2. Integrating China's excellent traditional culture into the ideological and political education of college students is a realistic requirement of the current ideological and political education of college students. A sample survey shows that 93% of the students love their motherland, work hard, study in Germany, and work hard. Firm in ideals and beliefs, highly identifying with Socialism with Chinese characteristics; They are brave in struggle and attach importance to the improvement of ability and moral tempering; They are active and lively, open-minded and innovative. However, with the rapid development of globalization, the deepening transformation of market economy, the drastic changes of social structure and the profound adjustment of interest pattern, some college students are influenced by other values to varying degrees, and there are problems such as weak sense of responsibility, prominent self-awareness, weak self-restraint ability, weak will quality and poor psychological quality. It is particularly important to strengthen ideological and political education and guide students to establish a correct outlook on life, values and world outlook.
Second, integrate Chinese excellent traditional culture into college students' ideological and political education.
China's excellent traditional culture is the foundation of the Chinese nation. We must learn useful nutrients from Confucianism, reconstruct the value system that adapts to the new era, and serve the socialist modernization.
1. Standardize daily education and guide students to feel excellent traditional culture through reading communication. Focusing on the fundamental task of "educating people with morality", we insist on cultivating students' noble moral sentiments and tempering their perseverance. We have formulated students' learning implementation plans, management regulations and codes of conduct, and put forward specific requirements for students' daily excellent traditional culture learning activities. Actively carry out inspirational reading activities, requiring everyone to read 30 to 40 excellent extracurricular traditional culture books during college, hand in at least one review every month, and participate in a reading experience exchange activity; Actively carry out special discussion activities, combine with Chinese excellent traditional culture, discuss current current affairs policies, social hot issues and issues of common concern for college students' growth, and require everyone to participate in a discussion activity. By improving the management mechanism, we will promote the regularization and institutionalization of reading activities, turn passivity into initiative, stimulate students' interest in reading communication, and guide students to learn nutrition from excellent traditional culture independently and consciously, and be happy and inspirational.
2. Attach importance to opportunity education and integrate Chinese excellent traditional culture into campus culture. Focusing on the socialist core values, we will regularly carry out a variety of educational practice activities of Chinese excellent traditional culture, so that students can improve their self-cultivation in a subtle way. China has a profound culture and a long history. Chinese classics, inspirational idioms and famous aphorisms, as typical representatives of Chinese excellent traditional culture, contain the genes of Chinese excellent traditional culture, carry the beautiful hopes of Chinese children and convey positive energy that inspires people to forge ahead. We can regularly carry out educational practice activities such as "Chinese Classics Knowledge Contest" and "Inspirational Idiom Contest" to guide young students to learn nutrition from Chinese excellent traditional culture, cultivate their emotions, grow up in enlightenment, and then deeply understand and consciously practice socialist core values.
Precautions:
Bao Pengshan. A new interpretation of the Analects of Confucius [M]. Fudan University Press, 2009.
References:
[2] Xiao Gongchuan. History of China's political thought. Liaoning Education Press, 200 1.
[3] Ceng Cheng, et al. Study on the inheritance of the essence of Confucianism in ideological and political education in colleges and universities [J]. Humanities Forum, 20 14.
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(1) What are the specific conditions for the evaluation of full and senior professional title