After the Renaissance and ideological enlightenment, the rational thinking of modern science has been established. Darwin lived in the middle and late19th century, which was the early stage of stepping out of Monti and advocating science, which provided an ideological basis for Darwin to establish the theory of evolution by natural selection. However, the long-distance travel as a teenager accumulated a lot of evidence for him, which triggered his thinking on species evolution and eventually formed a complete system.

2. Key points:

In his view, there is survival competition among creatures, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated. This is natural selection. It is through inheritance, variation and natural selection that organisms evolve from low to high, from simple to complex, and from few to many.

The above three points are what we often hear: "Natural selection, survival of the fittest". Now the birth of genetics provides important evidence for this. In fact, natural selection competes with "genes".

3. Impact:

Evolution is the second major scientific breakthrough in human history. Heliocentrism replaced the geocentric theory for the first time, negating the arrogant complex of human being at the center of the universe. The second time was the theory of evolution, which brought human beings to the same height as ordinary creatures. All living things on the earth are related to human beings, far or near, which completely breaks the stupid self-esteem of human beings who are arrogant, under one god and above all things.

Fortunately, Darwin was no longer in the Middle Ages, so he was not treated by Bruno, and people still spoke highly of him. Even religion shows some tolerance. Of course, this is related to the fact that religious power is far less than that of the Middle Ages.

4. Related arguments:

The debate comes from two aspects: on the one hand, the debate within the scientific community, and on the other hand, the debate between religion and evolution outside the scientific community.

Within the scientific community, there is no debate and doubt about whether the theory of evolution is established. The fact of evolution has undoubtedly proved the establishment of the theory of evolution. However, there are still disputes about the specific forms and reasons of evolution, such as the dispute between gradual change and mutation (which is indisputable, the speed of evolution varies with different conditions), the dispute over the process of human evolution, …

The debate between religion and science is the most deeply felt part and the most influential field of debate. Because ordinary people's biological professional knowledge is very poor, what they learned in middle school is only the conclusion of research, and there is no professional explanation. Therefore, religions, especially Christianity, are used to distorting biology and evolution, describing evolution as unscientific, outrageous, absurd, unproven or fabricated. ...

Introduction to Darwin

British naturalist and founder of evolution. 1831-1836, as a naturalist, he took part in the voyage around the world sent by Britain and made a five-year scientific investigation. A lot of observation and collection have been made in animals, plants and geology, and after comprehensive discussion, the concept of biological evolution has been formed. 1859 published the Origin of Species, which shocked the academic circles at that time. It is proved by a large number of data in the book that all kinds of creatures are not created by God, but constantly develop and change in heredity, variation, survival competition and natural selection. From simple to complex, from low to high, the theory of biological evolution is put forward, thus destroying all kinds of idealistic creationism and species invariance. Engels listed "evolution theory" as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in19th century (the other two are cell theory, energy conservation and transformation law).

Natural selection and sexual selection put forward by him are consistent and universal theories in current life sciences. Besides biology, his theory is also important to anthropology, psychology and philosophy.

[Edit this paragraph] Darwin's life

On February 1809, Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England. Grandpa and his father are both local famous doctors, and the family hopes that he will inherit his ancestral business in the future. /kloc-When he was 0/6 years old, his father sent him to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine.

But Darwin loved nature since he was a child, especially hunting and collecting minerals and animal and plant specimens. After entering medical school, he still often goes to the wild to collect animal and plant specimens. His father thinks he is "idle" and "idle". In a rage, 1828 sent him to Cambridge University to study theology, hoping that he would become an "outstanding priest" in the future. Darwin was very tired of the creationism fallacy in the seminary, and he still spent most of his time listening to natural science lectures and teaching himself natural science books. Enthusiastic about collecting beetles and other animal and plant specimens, full of keen interest in mysterious nature.

1828 One day, in a forest outside London, a college student wandered around an old tree. Suddenly, he found insects crawling under the bark that was about to fall off, so he quickly peeled off the bark and found two strange beetles crawling forward quickly. The college students immediately drew their bows from left to right, grasped them in their hands and looked at them excitedly. Just then, another beetle jumped out of the bark, and the college students were caught off guard. He quickly hid the beetle in his mouth and reached out to catch the third beetle. Looking at these strange beetles, college students really can't put it down, just admiring the beetles in their hands and forgetting which one is in their mouths. The beetle in his mouth couldn't stand it any longer, so he released a spicy poison that stung the tongue of college students. He remembered the beetle in his mouth and spat it into his hand. Then, regardless of the pain in his mouth, he proudly walked to Cambridge University in the city. This college student is Charlie Darwin. Later, people named it "Darwin" to commemorate the beetle he first discovered.

183 1 year, Darwin graduated from Cambridge University. He gave up his high-paying career as a priest and remained keen on himself.

Natural science research. In February this year, the British government organized a global survey of the warship Beagle, which Darwin learned from people.

I suggest that as a "naturalist", I take a boat at my own expense and start a long and arduous expedition around the world.

Wherever Darwin went, he always made serious investigations, interviewed local residents, and sometimes asked them to be guides and climb mountains.

Wading, collecting mineral and animal and plant specimens, and excavating biological fossils have found many new species that have not been recorded. He collects during the day.

Cereal rock specimens and animal fossils are busy recording and collecting at night. 1832 10, beagle docked.

On the island of Santiago in the Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The sailors all went to investigate the direction of the sea. Darwin and his assistant began to study.

Backpack, holding a geological hammer, climbed to the mountain to collect rock samples.

Along the way, Darwin knocked down all kinds of stones and put them in his backpack, black and white, in a pile.

Pattern. After a while, the backpack was filled with all kinds of stones, and the backpack belt was deeply pulled into Darwin's meat, up and down.

Are soaked with sweat.

"Mr. Darwin, what's the use of these messy stones?" Watching Darwin crawl forward with difficulty,

The assistant asked incredulously.

"You see, here are layers of stones. There are shells and bones of different marine animals in each layer of stone. Can it tell me?

Creatures of different ages! "Darwin said breathlessly.

The assistant finally understood something, and quickly took the backpack from Darwin and carried it on his shoulder.

In the process of investigation, Darwin thought about a problem all day long according to the change of species: exotic flowers and trees in nature, people.

How does the meaning of everything come into being? Why are they always changing? What is the connection between them? These questions are all in my mind.

He became more and more profound and gradually made him doubt creationism and species invariance.

1832 At the end of February, the Beagle arrived in Brazil, and Darwin went ashore to inspect and proposed to the captain to climb South America.

The Andes in Europe.

The captain was taken aback and quickly said, "This mountain is high and long. How can you walk there? " "I just want to go to the elder?

The road you've traveled! "Darwin said firmly. The captain was moved by his spirit and agreed to his safety request.

Yes, I sent another guide with mules and horses.

When they rushed to the mountain at an altitude of more than 4000 meters, Darwin accidentally found shell fossils on the top of the mountain. reach

Owen was very surprised. He thought to himself, "How did the shells at the bottom of the sea get into the mountains?" After repeated thinking, he finally

Yu Ming knows the truth about the rise and fall of the earth's crust. I was very excited and said, "It seems that this mountain area has existed for hundreds of millions of years.

Before, it was a piece of Wang Yang! "

Darwin couldn't restrain his inner excitement and led everyone to climb up. Reach Darwin, the highest peak in the Andes

Suddenly I feel a lot more cheerful. Looking down at the foot of the mountain, he suddenly found different kinds of plants on both sides of the mountain range. Be careful.

You see, even the same kind looks very different. Why are there obvious differences between the two?

Darwin's mind churned, and he had a better understanding of his conjecture: "Species are not immutable,

But with the different objective conditions and the corresponding variation! "

Later, Darwin sailed across the Pacific Ocean, Australia, the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope. 183.

6 years 65438+ 10 returned to England.

Darwin accumulated a lot of information during his five-year exploration around the world. After returning home, he sorted out these materials.

Materials, at the same time, in-depth practice, access to a large number of books, to find a basis for their own biological evolution theory. 1842,

He wrote the outline of the Origin of Species for the first time. 1859165438+10 was written by Darwin after more than 20 years of research.

The scientific masterpiece The Origin of Species was finally published. In this book, Darwin clearly put forward the theory of evolution.

Thought shows that species are constantly changing, and it is an evolutionary process from low to high, from simple to complex.

The publication of this book, for the first time, established biology on the basis of complete science and had a new idea of biological evolution.

Overthrow "creationism" and species invariance theory. The Origin of Species is a masterpiece of Darwin's theory of evolution, which marks evolution.

The formal establishment of the theory.

The publication of the Origin of Species caused a sensation in Europe and even the whole world. It dealt a heavy blow to the foundation of theocracy.

Base, from the reactionary church to the feudal literati are furious. They banded together to slander Darwin's blasphemy theory.

Spirit ",violation of" divine right ",is detrimental to human dignity.

On the contrary, progressive scholars represented by Huxley actively promoted and defended Darwinism. Point out: evolutionary upsurge

Open people's ideological imprisonment, inspire and educate people to liberate from the shackles of religious superstition.

Then, Darwin began to write his second masterpiece, Variation of Animals and Plants at Home, which is essential.

Controversial facts and rigorous scientific judgment further expounded his view of evolution and put forward the variation of species, heredity and biology.

Struggle for survival and natural selection, and soon published this masterpiece. Darwin in his later years was sickly,

However, with amazing perseverance, he stubbornly persisted in scientific research and writing, and successively published many books such as The Origin of Human Beings.

Work.

1on April 9, 882, the great scientist died of illness and his body was buried in Newton's tomb.

In addition, express admiration for this scientist.