Zhan Tianyou (1861-1919) is an expert in modern railway engineering in China. He is also the earliest engineer in China. His name is Zhan Tianyou. Originally from Wuyuan County, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province. 1872 (eleven years of Tongzhi), Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to Hong Kong to enroll in the "Preparatory Course for Young Children Going Abroad" organized by the Qing government. 1878 completed the middle school course with excellent results and was admitted to the Civil Engineering Department of Yale University to study railway engineering. 188/kloc-0 graduated from Yale university with honors in, wrote the graduation thesis "Research on Wharf Crane", obtained a bachelor's degree, and returned to China in the same year. After returning home, Zhan Tianyou attended Mawei Ship Administration Preparatory School and was sent to Fujian Navy flagship "Wu Yang" as a gunner to participate in Mawei naval battle. After the war, he was transferred to the Huangpu Naval Academy to teach. However, in China at that time, due to the strong opposition of feudal die-hards to the construction of railways, the hero was forced to learn to drive seagoing ships, which lasted for 78 years. 1887, "China Railway Corporation" was established in Tianjin. The following year, he was recommended by Mou, a classmate studying in the United States, and became the first railway engineer in China. Construction of the railway from Tanggu to Tianjin began, and the track-laying project was completed in just over 70 days. Later, he participated in the construction of the railway from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan, and needed to build an iron bridge on the Luanhe River. Faced with the successive failures of British, Japanese and German engineers to build this iron bridge, he resolutely stepped forward and undertook the task of building the bridge, and finally completed all the projects brilliantly. Zhan Tianyou's greatest contribution in his life was the successful construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. 1905, chief engineer of Jing-Zhang Railway. This road is over mountains and mountains, with a total length of more than 200 kilometers. The engineering difficulty is unprecedented for it. He personally surveyed and selected the route. In the Donggou of Qinglong Bridge in Beijing, the herringbone track is adopted, and two high-power locomotives turn around and push and pull each other to solve the problem of insufficient traction of locomotives with large slope. Together with the workers, various measures have been taken to solve the problems of water seepage and collapse in tunnel engineering. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed in 1909, two years ahead of schedule, and the total cost was only one-fifth of the price charged by foreign contractors. After the completion ceremony of Jing-Zhang Railway, he was employed as the Sichuan-Han and Guangdong-Han Railway Association or the Prime Minister and Chief Engineer. After the Revolution of 1911, ren han, chief engineer and supervisor of Yuechuan Railway Association, overcame various difficulties and built a 365-kilometer railway from Wuchang to Changsha. In his later years, he edited and published engineering books such as General Situation of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Engineering and Standard Map of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, as well as Huaying Engineering Vocabulary, the earliest civil engineering dictionary in China. 19 19 died. The China Institution of Engineers built a bronze statue for Zhan Tianyou, the first president of the Institute, at Qinglongqiao Station to commemorate this outstanding patriotic railway engineer forever.
Juyongguan history
In Changping District, more than 50 kilometers away from Beijing. Juyongguan was named after the Qin Dynasty. It is said that when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall, he moved prisoners, foot soldiers and forced civilian workers here, which means "moving to a mediocre place". It was called Juyongguan in the Han Dynasty and Xiguan in the Three Kingdoms period. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was changed to Naikuanguan. In the Tang Dynasty, there were names such as Juyongguan, Jimenguan and Junduguan.
Juyongguan has a dangerous terrain and has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. It has two passes, the south is called "Nankou" and the north is called "Juyongguan". The existing Guancheng was built by Xu Da, a general sent by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. It is the gateway to the northwest of Beijing. The mountains on both sides of Juyongguan are majestic, and there is a valley as long as 18 km in the middle, commonly known as "Guangou". Here, the clean stream lingers, the green peaks overlap, flowers and trees flourish, and birds sing. Beautiful scenery, known as "home is green", is listed as one of the "Eight Scenes of Yanjing".
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Yan wanted to control this mouth. During the Han Dynasty, Juyongguan City was quite large. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Guancheng architecture was connected with the Great Wall. After that, the Tang Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Yuan and Juyongguan Canyon were all related to the construction of the city.
Historically, it was also called "Qi Qi Race" and "Du Junguan". Newt, that is, soil bee, also known as thin waist bee, closes the soil to build a house for it, such as the land of newt as a house, hence the name.
Genghis Khan entered this pass when he destroyed gold. The existing Guancheng was built in the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368), and was planned and founded by General Xu Da and Deputy General Chang Yuchun. In the early years of Jingtai in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1450- 1454) and thereafter, it was repaired and repaired many times. The city wall extends from Cuipingling in the east to the top of Jinguishan in the west, with a circumference of more than 4,000 meters. North and South Moon City, watchtower, watchtower and other supporting facilities are complete. There are offices, temples, Confucianism and other related building facilities inside and outside Guancheng.
After the late Qing Dynasty, the buildings of Juyong Guancheng were gradually abandoned, but the majestic Guancheng and numerous historical sites opened a window for people to understand the ancient military culture of China.
Badaling
Pattarin
And Badaling.
Badaling Great Wall is the best preserved and most representative section of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty. It is the essence of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty and the outpost of Juyongguan, an important pass of the Great Wall. The altitude is as high as 10 15 meters, the terrain is dangerous and the city is strong. Badaling Great Wall, known as one of the nine blockades in the world, is the essence and outstanding representative of Wan Li Great Wall. Badaling Great Wall is the earliest section of the Great Wall in Wan Li that is open to tourists.
In addition to the Great Wall, Badaling Scenic Area also has the Great Wall Forest of Steles, the Statue of Goro, the Stone Statue of Shifo Temple, the Golden Fish Pond, Chadaoliang, Qi Jiguang Garden, Yuan Chonghuan Garden, the Great Wall Forest of Steles, Chadao Ancient City and other scenic spots. At present, Badaling has initially formed a layered tour system with the open section of the Great Wall, China Great Wall Museum and Great Wall All-around Cinema as the main body, supplemented by three free scenic spots, and supplemented by two subsidiary scenic spots, namely, the Residual Great Wall and Chadao Ancient City.
Badaling has a superior geographical environment and has been the main road to Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Zhangjiakou since ancient times. The annual average temperature of Badaling is 3℃ lower than that of Beijing, and it is the tourist leader of Yanqing, the "summer capital". 196 1 was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit. From 65438 to 0988, Badaling Wan Li Great Wall was listed as a world human cultural heritage by the United Nations. 199 1, Badaling ranks first among the top 40 scenic spots in China.
In the Ming Dynasty, Chang 'an Hakka Dialect said, "Since then, the road has extended in all directions, hence the name Badaling, which is the highest in Guanshan".
The name Badaling was first seen in Liu Ying's long poem "Arrive at Badaling in the Evening, Reach the Summit" and "Go out of Badaling". In the Yuan Dynasty, it was called "Beikou", opposite to Nankou. Nankou is located in Changping County, the northern suburb of Beijing. From the south exit to the north exit, there is a 40-mile-long canyon in the middle. The Great Wall of Wan Li has a famous pass-Juyongguan, so this canyon is named "Guan Gou" Badaling Spring Scene. Badaling stands at the highest point at the northern end of Guangou. Here, the two peaks are sandwiched together, and the middle is open and commanding. The situation is extremely dangerous. Viewing Juyongguan from Badaling is like building a city gate and looking into a well. "The ancients were in danger, not in Guancheng, but in Badaling". The special terrain of Badaling Pass has become a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties, and it has always been heavily guarded. Badaling became a military strategic place, which can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
According to historical records and the general survey of cultural relics workers in recent years, it has been proved that the Great Wall was built in Badaling area during the Warring States Period, and there are still remnants of walls and piers, and its trend is basically the same as that of the Great Wall today and tomorrow. According to China's records, there are two Guancheng, the military capital and Juyong country. The Northern Wei Dynasty's Notes on Water Classics said: "Juyongguan is in Juyongguan boundary, hence its name. The south is cutting valley, and paving stone is the key point. This is not an easy achievement ... Its water is in the south of the mountain and the army is in the boundary ... "Therefore, some experts believe that Juyongguan is located in Badaling. How did the name "Juyongguo" come from? It was Qin Shihuang who built the Great Wall, moved a group of poor farmers and prisoners from the south and settled in the small Guichuan basin of Dujun Mountain, which was called the residence of mediocrity. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he returned to Sichuan and set up Yong County (imitating Yanqing). The topography, landforms and current potential of Guan site recorded in Water Mirror Zhu are consistent with the geographical environment of Badaling.
The Great Wall was built 1500 years ago in Badaling area of Northern Wei Dynasty. According to the Chronicle of Shi Zu Wei, in 446, the Great Wall was built in the north of Pingcheng (now Datong), the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. It started from the Dushan Mountain of Shanggu Army in the east (Badaling area) and reached the bank of the Yellow River in the west. Later, he came to Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty for six years (555 years), and built the Great Wall, starting from Datong in the west and reaching Shandong in the army. The Great Wall extended to the seaside.
The Badaling Great Wall was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang knew the military importance of the city wall. When he became emperor, he built a high wall and prepared for war. At that time, various prefectures and counties also built cities in succession. Zhu Yuanzhang sent Xu Da and other generals to build a blockade in the north, build the Great Wall, step up training and wasteland, and prevent the Yuan remnant army from invading the south.
1403, Judy, the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, ascended the throne. 1420, he moved the capital from Nanjing to Badaling, a summer resort in Beijing. Judy was determined to unify China. He made five expeditions, and his army went deep into the Mongolian Plateau, as far as the Enen River in the Soviet Union today. It was not until after 1488 that the Great Wall was built extensively and comprehensively. After 270 years, the 18 large-scale construction project finally built a high wall, starting from the Yalu River in Liaoning in the east and reaching Bulongji in the west of Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west. This is what we usually call the Great Wall of Wan Li, and we can still see it now. The total length of the Ming Great Wall is 14600 Li Long, which passes through seven provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in northern China. No matter from the level of engineering technology or the strictness of fortification, it is incomparable to the previous Great Wall. In this sense, we can say that the Great Wall of Wan Li that we see today was built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, connected with the Qin Shihuang period and perfected in the Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall of Wan Li was no longer a single high wall, but a defense system in depth, and many walls and passes were built in key areas. Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and other places have built double tracks of the Great Wall, and there are as many as four double tracks of the Great Wall in Shanxi. In important traffic and military sites, many Guancheng and many shorter city walls have been built, such as Shili Valley in Yanmenguan, with 28 stone walls, which can be described as "building obstacles step by step".
Badaling is the witness of many important events in history. After the first emperor Qin Shihuang came to Jieshi from the east, he took Datong, autumn scenery Road and Badaling from Badaling, and then drove back to Xianyang. Xiao Taihou, entering the customs, the emperor of Yuan Dynasty visited Beijing twice a year, the Northern Expedition of Ming Dynasty, and the personal expedition of the emperor of Qing Dynasty ... Badaling is the only place that can pass by. There are countless poems sung by emperors, relatives, and literati in Badaling. The earliest poet who left poems was Gao Shi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. He wrote in his poem: "The mountain is * * * high." As for the ethnic disputes and iron horses in those years, there was a magnificent historical drama on Badaling. Nowadays, the sufferings of old China, the history of feudal hegemony for two thousand years, and the past of changing dynasties have all become distant past. The Great Wall is100000 miles long and has a culture of 50 years. The times have given the Badaling Great Wall a new mission. Like a precious historical monument, it stands on the top of thousands of mountains, shining with the brilliance of Chinese civilization and wisdom, and also showing the great quality and spirit of the Chinese nation. It has become a friendship link between people of all ethnic groups in China, overseas Chinese and international friends. It is a precious cultural heritage of mankind.
After the founding of New China, 1952, Comrade Guo Moruo, Vice Premier of the State Council and Director of Cultural and Educational Committee, proposed to restore the Badaling Great Wall to receive domestic and foreign tourists.
Since the Qing Dynasty, Badaling Great Wall has become increasingly deserted. More than half of the "north gate lock key" platform on the west side of Guancheng was destroyed; The pier of Juyongguan Town in the east is crumbling; The walls, walls, cribs, abutments and watchtowers of the Great Wall are already broken walls. After the State Council made the restoration decision, the relevant departments immediately took action, and then made several repairs.
geographical position
A mountain peak in Du Jun, China. Located in the south of Yanqing County, northwest of Beijing, near Juyongguan and northwest of Nankou. The mountains are rolling and the peaks are overlapping, and the majestic Badaling Wan Li Great Wall stands on the high mountain. The Great Wall in China was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period in the 7th century BC, and was added in later dynasties. At present, the Great Wall in Badaling area was built in Ming Dynasty, which is the most intact section of the Great Wall. Now it is a tourist attraction and a national key cultural relics protection unit. This wall consists of huge and neat stone strips, with an average height of 7.8 meters and a width of 5.8? 6.5 meters. There are brick walls and battlements on the city, and a watchtower and beacon tower are set up every half mile to one mile. Badaling Great Wall was selected as the most complete Great Wall in China, world record association and China.
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous wonders. It lurks like a dragon in the vast land of northern China. It is the crystallization of the blood and sweat of the ancient working people in China, the symbol of the ancient culture in China and the pride of the Chinese nation.
The Great Wall was built during the Qin Shihuang period. After the supplementary construction of past dynasties, almost all the Great Wall we can see now was built in the Ming Dynasty. Badaling Great Wall is the best preserved section of the Ming Great Wall and the most representative section. This is the outpost of Juyongguan, an important pass of the Great Wall, with an altitude of1015m. The terrain is dangerous and the city is strong. Has always been a battleground for military strategists. Climbing the Badaling Great Wall, you can have a panoramic view of the rolling mountains and the majestic northern mountains. The Great Wall is majestic because of the mountains, and the mountains are more steep because of the Great Wall.
"You are not a hero until you reach the Great Wall". It is unthinkable to go to Beijing without visiting the Great Wall, just like going to Shanghai without visiting the City God Temple. So far, more than 300 world famous people, including Nixon and Margaret Thatcher, have climbed Badaling to enjoy the beautiful scenery here.
Today's Great Wall has long lost its military value, but it attracts a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists with its unique charm and has become a world-famous tourist attraction. With the development of tourism, the Great Wall, as a symbol of the Chinese nation and an important cultural heritage in the world, will glow with new vitality.
Looking into the distance, you can find that the Great Wall here is divided into two peaks, north and south, winding on the ridge, and the scenery is spectacular. Looking down, there are two doorways and a U-shaped wall. There are battlements inside and outside the wall of Wengcheng, and the enemy is rejected on all sides. If the enemy breaks through the closed door and rushes into the city, it will be surrounded on all sides and the enemy will fall into the urn. Wengcheng is an important part of the Great Wall. It is generally built on the traffic arteries with dangerous terrain. The urn in Badaling is no exception. Built on the ridge, limited by the terrain, it is built on the mountain, low in the east and high in the west, narrow in the east and wide in the west, only 5,000 square meters. There is no well in the urn, and there is water shortage. There are not many troops stationed at ordinary times. The garrison is stationed in fogg town, northwest of Li San. There used to be a "quadrangle" in Wengcheng for emperors to pass by or officials to stay overnight. The distance between the two gates of Wengcheng is 63.9 meters, and Ximen Mei has the inscription "North Gate Lock Key". I have already mentioned its intention. On the city gate hole, there are huge double wooden doors in ancient and modern times, with wooden columns and latches inside. Usually, the door is open and pedestrians and business travelers can enter and leave freely; In wartime, the city gates were closed and impregnable; Once the counter-offensive order is given, the Chengmen Cave is the exit for the tribe to launch a charge. The lintel of the East Gate of Wengcheng was inscribed with the title of "Living Yong and Precious Outside", which was built in the 18th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty. On the platform of Guancheng in Juyongguan Town, a stone tablet was originally embedded, which was carved in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. From the inscription, we can see the Great Wall which took more than 80 years to complete. The monument also records the construction time and length of the Great Wall, the presiding officer and foreman, the person in charge of burning, the person in charge of kiln head and masons, and the names with clear responsibilities. Standing on the city and looking down, you can see the endless stream of traffic and tourists at the door. This is not only an important military defense pass in ancient times, but also a traffic artery. Starting from here, Nantong Changping, Beijing, Yanqing in the north, Xuanhua and Zhangjiakou in the northwest, "the road extends in all directions from here". Badaling also got its name.
The guide map of Badaling Scenic Area is at the bottom right. On the south side of Dengchengkou, there is a cannon called "General Wei at this time". This gun is 2.85 meters long and the caliber is 105 mm, so it is named after the "mighty general" cast on the gun body. Its maximum range is more than 500 meters, which shows that the military industry at that time was relatively developed.
The eighth floor in the north is the tallest building in Badaling Great Wall, with a height of 888.9 meters, and the building is also very distinctive. In the past, you could climb the enemy tower to see the scenery. Now, in order to protect cultural relics, the doors are closed.
From Guanchengtai to the 4th floor, the highest point of Nanfeng, the wall is 685.8m long and the height rises142.4m. Especially between the 3rd and 4th floors, the ridge is narrow and the mountain is steep, and the Great Wall is more than 400 meters long. In the most dangerous place in the city, the slope is about 70 degrees, almost straight up and down. Neither the South 1 Building nor the South 2nd Floor has been restored. From the column base left on the third floor of the south, it turns out that there are also shops.
The fourth floor south of the Nanfeng Great Wall has the highest terrain, with an altitude of 803.6 meters. Climbing up the stairs, the Great Wall winds from southwest to northeast on the ridge, just like a black dragon, with great momentum. Reminds people of the poem sung by Mr. Luo, a famous Great Wall expert in China, when he climbed the Badaling Great Wall. There are thousands of peaks, and there are peaks everywhere in the north and south of the mountain. Lock the key to the north gate, it's unpredictable, half a mountain.
Pay a long line. From the 4th floor to the 7th floor, the height gradually decreases. Between the 5th and 6th floors in the south, on the ridge 30 meters away from the wall inside the Great Wall, stands a small white pavilion, which was built in June. 1987. The 6 th floor in the south is the shop building, which is built on the top of the upper floor. It has three rooms wide, hard hilltops, red columns and gray tiles, and is small and exquisite. This is probably the command post of the "Thousand Cases" in that year.
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origin
Named after the homophonic sound of "Eight Ridges". Because of the mountainous terrain in this area, it is said that the Great Wall built here will turn eight corners and cross eight mountains. It was very difficult to build this section of the Great Wall at that time, and the construction period was delayed again and again. Eight executives died for this. Finally, through the guidance of the immortals, eight methods of repairing the city were adopted, namely, "the tiger takes the bridle sheep to carry the saddle, the swallow takes the eyes of the week as the shoulder, the turtle carries the stone rabbit to lead the way, and the magpie bridges the bridge and lays the ice."
Transport building materials to the mountain. So people called this section of the Great Wall "Badaling Great Wall", and later this place name was homophonic as "Badaling".
Named after Badaling homophonic. It is said that an emperor named "Badaling" came here in the Yuan Dynasty and was very happy to see the steep and lush mountains here. He named it "Badaling" and was later misrepresented as "Badaling". However, looking up the records of emperors in past dynasties, Chronicles of Chinese Emperors and other historical materials, we can't find that there was an emperor named "Ba Da Li" in the Yuan Dynasty, but a man named Ai Yu Ba Li Li Ba Da, who was the fourth emperor in the Yuan Dynasty. It is said that he was born in Yanqing County where Badaling is located.
Named after the homophonic "Ba Tatar". It is said that in the Ming dynasty, Badaling area once became the frontier position to defend the Manchu army. Because the Han people in the Ming Dynasty called the Manchus in the northeast "Tatars", some people thought Badaling was a homonym for "guarding the Tatar Ridge".
Named after the homonym of "Badaoling". Legend has it that at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng led the rebel army to this place, but it was blocked from the Great Wall, and Li Zicheng was worried. At this time, the Malay newspaper said that there were still eight dangers ahead. Li Zicheng sighed: "The Badaoling here is really difficult to cross. It seems that the storm is not good! " So he ordered the rebel army to divert its course, which was later called "Badaoling".
There is no exact written record of the above four statements, which is difficult to verify. In fact, the most credible statement should be the explanation in Chang 'an Hakka dialect: "From here, roads extend in all directions." Badaling is the outer entrance of Juyongguan, reaching Yanqing, Chicheng and Mongolia in the north, Zhangjiakou, Huailai, Xuanhua and Datong in the west, Yongning and Hayes in the east and Changping and Beijing in the south, extending in all directions, so it is an important traffic artery and defensive outpost in ancient times, and is known as the "first pass in northern Beijing".