Problem description:
Are there any special rules for materials? I hope friends can provide relevant information or website for writing papers. It doesn't matter how extensive the information is.
Analysis:
The scientific authoritative definition of ecological building materials is still in the stage of research and determination. The concept of eco-building materials comes from eco-environmental materials. The definition of eco-friendly materials is still under study and determination. Its main features are: first, saving resources and energy; Secondly, reduce environmental pollution and avoid the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer; Third, it is easy to recover and recycle. As an important branch of eco-environmental materials, eco-building materials should refer to building materials designed and produced to meet the requirements of minimum resource and energy consumption, minimum or no environmental pollution, optimal performance and maximum recycling rate in the process of material production, use, abandonment and recycling. Obviously, such environmental coordination is a relative and developing concept.
The main difference in concept between ecological building materials and other new building materials is that ecological building materials are a concept of systematic engineering, and we can't just look at a certain link in the process of production or use. The evaluation of environmental compatibility of materials depends on the interval of inspection or the set limit. At present, all kinds of new building materials called ecological building materials are emerging at home and abroad, such as "ecological cement" produced by waste or urban garbage. However, without the viewpoint of systems engineering, the design and production of building materials may be "green" on one hand and "black" on the other, and the evaluation will inevitably be biased or even misleading. For example, high-performance ceramic materials may be difficult to decompose after being discarded, building polymer materials are often difficult to degrade, and composite building materials are difficult to recycle due to complex components; Clay pottery concrete block has light weight, high strength and good thermal insulation and fire resistance, but its production needs high energy consumption; Plastic steel doors and windows are stronger, more durable and have better thermal insulation performance than steel windows and aluminum alloy windows, but they contain high energy costs and will cause serious burden to the environment after being abandoned. Vertical kiln cement may be considered to have better environmental coordination than rotary kiln cement, just because of its low energy consumption. Even for the cement industry, which is notorious for releasing greenhouse gas CO2, it should be noted that its finished cement concrete will naturally absorb CO2 during use. In the process of producing 65,438+0 tons of cement clinker, about 65,438+0 tons of CO2 is released due to the decomposition of coal and limestone. In addition to CO2 released by coal combustion (about 40%), CO2 released by calcium carbonate decomposition during cement combustion can be completely absorbed by cement concrete during slow carbonization. In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental coordination performance of building materials, it is necessary to adopt life cycle assessment (LCA). Life cycle assessment method is a method to evaluate environmental pollution, energy and resource consumption and resource impact in the whole life cycle of materials. At present, although some monographs have come out and entered the ISO international standard, LCA is still a method under study and development for building materials.
With regard to the development mode of eco-building materials and the improvement of environmental harmony, Japanese scholar Professor Yoshiichi Mimoto summarized four innovative methods and their respective evaluations on the contribution to environmental harmony, namely, product improvement, redesign, functional innovation and institutional innovation. It is not difficult to understand that institutional innovation has the greatest improvement on environmental coordination and takes the longest time, while product improvement is relatively simple and the improvement on environmental coordination is relatively small. What needs to be pointed out here is that for a certain material, the development of ecologicalization or environmental harmony does not necessarily follow these four arrangements.
South Africa still has some questions to answer about the development strategy of ecological building materials. For example, environmental compatibility and performance cannot always be coordinated, developed and promoted. The author believes that the development of ecological building materials should not be at the expense of excessive performance. However, the performance requirements of ecological building materials do not necessarily require high performance, but refer to excellent performance or the best performance to meet the use requirements. Low-performance building materials will inevitably affect durability and use function. If LCA method is used to evaluate, sacrificing performance for energy saving and waste utilization in production may not necessarily improve the environmental coordination of materials.
In the development of ecological building materials, many researchers at home and abroad are concerned about new building materials designed and manufactured according to the theory of environmental protection and ecological balance, such as non-toxic decorative materials, green coatings, building materials produced from domestic and industrial wastes, healthy, bactericidal and antibacterial building materials, low-temperature or incombustible cement, pottery and so on. The author thinks that, from a macro perspective, the development of ecological building materials in China should focus on introducing resources and environmental awareness at this stage, and adopt high-tech to carry out environmental coordinated transformation of superior traditional building materials, so as to improve the waste of resources and energy and strict environmental pollution in the building materials industry as soon as possible. In fact, improving the environmental compatibility of traditional building materials is not to exclude the development of new ecological building materials, but one of the important contents and methods of developing ecological building materials mentioned above.
Based on the actual situation in China, many scholars put forward the development strategy of ecological building materials.
(1) Establish the theory and method of building materials life cycle (LCA), and provide scientific basis and method for the development strategy of ecological building materials and the environmental coordination evaluation of building materials industry.
(2) Production of traditional building materials with the lowest resource and energy consumption and the lowest environmental pollution cost, such as production of high-quality cement materials by new dry process.
(3) Develop building materials that greatly reduce building energy consumption, such as new composite wall and door and window materials with excellent functions such as light weight, high strength, waterproof, thermal insulation and sound insulation.
(4) Develop high-performance and long-life building materials, and greatly reduce the material consumption and service life of building projects, such as high-performance cement concrete, thermal insulation and decorative materials.
(5) Developing building materials with the functions of improving the living environment and health care, such as multifunctional glass, ceramics, coatings, etc. It can resist bacteria and deodorize, adjust temperature and humidity, and shield harmful rays.
(6) Develop and replace building materials with high energy consumption, great environmental pollution and harmful to human body, such as slate-free fiber cement products and non-toxic and harmless chemical additives for cement concrete.
(7) Develop the recycling technology of industrial waste, and use industrial waste to produce building materials with excellent performance, such as slag, fly ash, silica fume, coal gangue, waste polystyrene foam and other building materials.
(8) Develop new building materials that can control industrial pollution, purify and repair the environment or expand human living space, such as developing special cement for ocean, underground, saline-alkali land, desert and swamp.
(9) Expand the range of available raw materials and fuels, and reduce dependence on high-quality, scarce or exhausted important raw materials.