1995 No.4
monograph
Society of scientific economics
Society of scientific economics
The Social Function of Chemistry
Chen Zhu
Roll mouth, sum no. 6 14, 1995
Chemistry mainly studies the composition, structure and properties of substances (including physical properties, biological activities, new technical properties and other non-chemical properties); This paper studies the changes and reaction laws of substances at molecular and atomic levels under different aggregation states, the relationships between structures and various properties, and the structural changes and energy relationships during the changes and reactions and their effects on various properties. According to the relationship between the composition, structure and properties of substances, various needed substances are synthesized.
It can be expected that chemistry will probably reach the level of molecular design and molecular engineering that people yearn for for a long time, so that people can use computers to design compounds with specified structures and properties according to a large amount of information accumulated in chemistry, and choose the best synthetic route to synthesize and transform various substances that people need. The mutual infiltration of chemistry and biology is expected to reach a climax, and significant progress will be made in photosynthesis, chemical simulation of enzymes and biofilm simulation, and people may gradually realize the long-awaited understanding of life processes at the molecular level. At the same time, the chemical utilization of solar energy and the adoption of some new concepts and technologies may make some revolutionary breakthroughs in catalytic process and chemical separation. These breakthroughs will change people's way of life and bring happiness to mankind. These breakthroughs will bring revolution to industry. These breakthroughs require the efforts of chemists and the understanding and support of all sectors of society.
1. Chemical industry is an important pillar of national economy in all countries.
Because chemistry can meet people's needs, chemical industry has become an important pillar in the national economy of all countries. For example: beauty
The number of employees in China chemical industry and related products is1000000, and the annual export value is $654.38+75 million. Jg America won the championship of the year.
The international trade surplus of about US$ 6,543.8+0.65 billion pounds is M. In Britain, the annual output value of chemical industry is about 2 1 trillion pounds (about the total output value of Britain).
9%), the export surplus of wells is 2.5 billion pounds (the international trade surplus of chemical industrial products flying to Japan is as high as 46 1 billion dollars, the original
The international trade surplus of chemical industrial products in the Federal Republic of Germany and France is also as high as 32.63 billion marks and 25.7 billion francs respectively. exist
At present, China's chemical industry has become one of our pillar industries. From 65438 to 0988, the total output value of chemical industry accounted for the proportion of the national total industrial output value.
6. Sichuan, s. 199 1 year, increased to 8%. 〔0
Second, increase grain output.
It is a serious problem for human beings to feed the growing population with limited land resources. For China,
To feed 22% of the world's population with 7% of the world's total cultivated land, the problem is particularly prominent.
According to statistics, the losses caused by diseases, insects and weeds in the world reach 15%-30%, and pesticides control disasters.
The main means is to understand that the biochemistry of organisms can limit the behavior of pests and open up a way to maintain an effective ecological balance.
Road. The research on plant hormones and growth regulators, insect plant hormones and growth regulators, and insect pheromones are all modern agriculture.
An important symbol of learning. If we can simulate the chemical process of plants, all the food needed by human beings can be eaten in large factories.
Industrial production, then mankind will fundamentally solve the problem of food supply. Although this research process needs a long history.
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But chemists are approaching this goal, and the current research shows us the dawn.
Third, increase energy.
Energy is one of the three pillars of today's society. At present, 95% of human energy depends on oil, natural gas and coal.
And uranium. With the expansion of human economic activities, these energy sources, especially oil and natural gas, will be forever
One day it will be declared dry. Since 1970s, the energy crisis has swept the western countries again and again, and in the future, it will be able to.
The source crisis will become a major problem for mankind. In China, the shortage of energy supply has lasted for more than 20 years since 1980.
Since its inception, about 25% of the country's industrial production capacity has been unable to play its role due to lack of energy, affecting the output value of nearly 654.38+000 billion yuan.
The currency and energy industries have become the "bottleneck" industries that restrict China's economic development.
China's per capita commercial energy consumption is 800 kilograms of standard coal, which is only one third of the world average. Energy consumption per unit GDP is twice that of other developing countries, and it is one of the highest countries in the world. Therefore, the serious problems we are facing are energy shortage, low utilization efficiency, waste and serious pollution. And the solution to the problem often comes from chemistry.
There are two ways to increase energy. First, improve the utilization rate of existing "crustal energy overflow" such as medium, oil and natural gas. The second is to open up new energy sources, such as solar energy, biomass energy, bone fission and fusion energy, and the effective and clean utilization of dangerous coal and low calorific value fuel such as coal. In China, coal is the most abundant and used energy resource, but at present, about 84% of coal in China is used for direct combustion and utilization of its heat energy, and the utilization rate is only 28%, which not only causes waste, but also brings serious pollution to the environment. coal
Coal grindstone is a kind of carbonaceous rock, and harmful substances such as sulfur must be removed before it can be converted into clean and efficient energy.
At present, the task of our chemists is to find an economical and reasonable industrial process and to synthesize and screen high-level radioactive catalysts.
The third grade oil uses the current mining method. Many ditches can't be mined. Primary mining mainly depends on safe pressure. Only 10%-20% nature reserves can be mined. In the second stage, the mine is revived by water injection, gas injection and steam injection, so that only 35% can be mined at most. Tertiary recovery requires new chemical methods to reach the remaining valuable resources, and the oil components extracted by primary oil recovery and secondary oil recovery are also ideal. But once this optimal fraction is exhausted, we will face heavy crude oil with large molecular weight, low hydrogen content and other harmful components such as nitrogen and organometallic compounds. Refining technology needs a revolution.
biomass energy
The rural energy in China is particularly scarce, and the energy consumption for in-service production is 40% short. Forced to make a living, farmers will do whatever it takes to find one.
Cutting down combustible materials leads to over-cutting, vegetation destruction, intensified soil erosion, and orange stalks can not be returned to the fields, resulting in a vicious ecological cycle.
Bacteria can decompose biomass to produce onychomycosis under anoxic conditions. Its hydrogen-carbon ratio is very high, and it is estimated that 1r is released into the atmosphere every year.
Nail polish releases about 427 million barrels of oil. The decomposition method of Shen Qing aerobic bacteria can make garbage, agricultural leftovers or other wastes.
This material is converted into nail burns. The difficulty is that the process is slow and too sensitive to the acidity of the solution. A chemical machine for studying nail burning
Considering the biochemistry of organic matter will help to put forward strategies to overcome these problems.
Solar energy/solar energy
So far, the most important way to use solar energy in nature is photosynthesis-plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide.
And water to synthesize organic (carbon-containing) compounds and release molecular oxygen. If this process can be successfully imitated in the laboratory, then
This will be a great victory. At present, although the research on photosynthesis has made a lot of progress, it is still far from the goal of success. manufacture
Another outstanding contribution of utilizing solar energy is to directly convert sunlight into electrical energy or chemical energy by electrochemical devices.
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nuclear power
Physicists and chemists not only brought atomic bombs to the world, but also provided atomic energy to mankind. As an energy source, this
It seems endless. Chemical research involves all aspects of nuclear energy production and the disposal of radioactive waste. Yi Kai
At first, exploration for uranium deposits required geochemistry. Secondly, the whole nuclear fuel production cycle needs chemical separation.
For containers that temporarily store nuclear waste and need to be recycled, it is necessary to study the corrosion chemistry under strong radiation conditions. this
In addition, our analytical technology must greatly improve its sensitivity, so that it is possible to detect new uranium deposits and trace harmful substances in the environment.
Monitor, find potential problems and prevent disasters. Finally, we are not familiar with the chemistry related to reactor accidents.
Now we need to expand our knowledge in this field. We should estimate in advance that under high pressure (about 150 atmospheric pressure), high temperature (about
3000K) steam, strong radiation field, once a ceramic device is destroyed, what speed will the fission products leak out?
fusion energy
In a fusion reactor, the corrosion of the inner wall surface determines how many impurities can be injected into the plasma. The wall is subjected to high temperature.
Degree gradient, unipolar arc, neutron damage and intense ion surface interaction. All these are eliminated by chemical or physical methods.
Except the surface. The materials that can adapt to the components in a nuclear fusion reactor are first tested with coated refractories. Experimental simulation
The environment created by plasma F is successful in some aspects, but it can't replicate the whole environment under study.
Physical and chemical reactions at the interface between plasma and reactor components at high temperature, including some synergistic effects, are extremely important.
It can provide knowledge of material selection, which is undoubtedly valuable for the practical application of fusion energy.
Fourth, develop new materials.
Materials are one of the three pillars of modern society. "In the next twenty years, the materials we need for food, clothing, housing and transportation will change greatly. Chemistry will play an increasingly important role in various disciplines. Because progress requires us to tailor new materials, including polymers, to replace traditional or scarce materials. "
Polymers as structural materials
Polymers have great potential as structural materials. Chemical building materials are waterproof, anti-corrosive, light, high-strength, sound-proof and sound-deadening.
Heat insulation, convenient processing and molding, etc. The development of chemical building materials plays an obvious role in saving wood and reducing energy consumption. engineering
Plastic has high mechanical strength, stable size, good self-lubricating performance and high processing efficiency, and can be used in aircraft, automobile manufacturing, machinery and instruments.
Watches, electronics, textiles and other departments. Inorganic composite materials can be used in shipbuilding, chemical vehicles and so on.
The mechanical properties of polymers can be theoretically deduced from the original molecular data, chemical bonds and plum principle.
Let's go The elasticity of polymer bond can be calculated according to the experimental torsion constant of chain measured by polymer bond technology, bond angle and infrared spectrum.
Come out. Theoretically, the tensile strength of polymer can be increased by 5 times. In fact, it is necessary to improve the properties of polymers.
Related research work to develop this possibility.
New optical materials
optical fibre
Just like in the modern electronics industry, the light pulses output in transparent optical fiber can transmit information, which is exactly the same as the electrons in copper wire.
Pulses can convey information. A new chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was used to prepare high transparency time-sensitive fibers. In principle
Theoretically, this new optical fiber can transmit optical signals across the Pacific Ocean without any relay stations. However, there are still
Many practical problems remain to be solved.
photoswitch
In addition to developing new materials and processes for producing optical fibers, chemistry also plays an important role in synthesizing "active" optical devices.
Function. These devices can start, amplify and store optical signals, just as silicon-based devices can process electrical signals. eye
The former optical device is based on sawing and melting aluminum. The latter is born out of the electronics industry and has many materials.
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Has extraordinary optical characteristics; Organic molecules, liquid crystals, polyethylene glycol, etc. Are more satisfactory than the optical behavior in saw acid. exist
In this field, it has great practical application potential.
New conductive materials
Many new conductive solid families are being discovered, and only chemists have the ability to classify and control these families.
Local molecular structure and molecular characteristics. These families have both inorganic and organic substances.
Polyethylene glycol is treated with appropriate chemicals, such as Australia, China and pentafluoride (which physicists call dopants).
This compound has metallic luster, and its conductivity is stronger than many metals (still not as good as copper). Knot this substance.
Structural studies show that its conductivity is related to the control of its molecular structure (the conductivity of trans structure is similar to that of cis structure)
Just don't-like). The most surprising and outstanding point is that Poly (B) has undergone structural adjustment () | civil or trans) and is suitable.
After doping, its conductivity can be as high as 10 14. Now, organic chemistry has the ability to combine conductivity with polymers.
Other properties, such as structural strength, thermoplasticity, flexibility, etc. Polyethylene: P-type semiconductor can be doped soon.
Therefore, organic semiconductors and organic transistors are also prepared. The optical characteristics of organic semiconductors can also be aimed at the solar spectrum.
Design. Therefore, it is possible to make cheap organic photovoltaic cells with polymers and convert solar energy into electric energy.
Materials used in extreme conditions
Many modern suspension technologies are often limited by their structural materials and cannot give full play to their functions. Jet engines and cars started.
Machines, nuclear reactors, magnetohydrodynamic generators and spacecraft protective layers all belong to this category. Study new materials so that they can withstand higher temperatures.
Temperature has important economic significance.
There are many excellent synthesis technologies to produce new refractories. Such as ion implantation, combustion synthesis, suspension
Melting, molecular beam epitaxy and plasma chemical vapor deposition. Recently, laser technology has also achieved great success in synthesis.
Other functional materials
Biological functional materials, electrical insulation materials, new packaging materials, adhesive sealing materials, photosensitive materials for printing, etc. , all
It is of great significance and value.
Fifth, it is good for health.
Chemistry can make important contributions to physiology and medicine. In recent years, the application of quantum chemistry and molecular force
More and more attention has been paid to exploring the mechanism and structure-activity relationship of drugs at the molecular and electronic levels. These principles
This study provides a theoretical basis and new ideas for the structural transformation of natural or synthetic bioactive substances and the molecular design of drugs.
Road, hopefully through the combination of theoretical research and experimental research, gradually open up a way to find new drugs.
More and more advanced chemical technologies are constantly developing, which can allow the exploration of physiological systems whose functions and mechanisms have not been understood so far.
In many cases, some biochemical abnormalities can be identified, leading to diseases without any treatment. this
However, it opens up a research stage for finding effective therapeutic agents. It is now possible to separate trace amounts and feet from extremely complex self-protective compounds.
The purity of bioactive compounds, and through advanced spectral technology to clarify its structure. Analytical techniques have been developed to be determinable.
The nucleic acid sequence of the gene, and the structure of the biologically important protein obtained from the gene.
Intransitive verbs improve the environment
At present, one of the major events that people are concerned about is the increasing world population, population density (urbanization) and domestic water consumption.
Under the condition of continuous improvement, we should protect and improve the seriously polluted environment and strive to maintain the ecology around us.
Balance.
An effective strategy to protect and improve the environment requires sufficient knowledge and profound understanding of the following issues:
In our air, water, soil and food, which pollutions have already existed seriously, and which are potential and pollution-free?
Popular substances?
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Where do these substances come from?
Is there any way to control these pollutions or reduce and control them?
To answer these questions, chemistry bears the brunt.
Seven. Strengthen national defense
National security depends on the country's ability to defend itself and prevent and prevent armed confrontation. In these respects, Chemistry One ".
"Mind learning" also plays a decisive role.
Strategic materials and urgently needed materials
When an application is decisive to our national defense, the materials needed are called strategic materials. When a reaction
When the use plays a decisive role in our industrial strength, the required materials are called urgently needed materials. One of our national security.
An important part is to determine those strategic materials that may be restricted or cut off by L due to foreign political development.
Materials and urgently needed materials. The basic research fields that can lead to the production of new materials and alternative materials have increased our research in this field.
The choice opportunities at the time of the incident provide a suitable place for national defense investment.
The possibility of new defense systems and weapons depends largely on the invention and development of new materials used to make them.
Exhibition. Advanced weapons need materials that are lighter, stronger, harder and cheaper than existing materials. Explore new materials and
Chemical research is inextricably linked, they all need to understand the behavior of materials at the molecular level, and also need to synthesize new ones.
Compound. The effective processing of new materials needs the development of online chemical analysis technology.
Surveillance and intelligence
Many important applications of chemical processes are to prevent or warn armed conflicts as early as possible. For example, develop sensors to identify rockets.
It's smoking * 1 or high explosion phenomenon; Use neutron and R emission data, instruments and technologies to conduct anti-E monitoring to ensure that nuclear materials can be prevented.
Analysis of material diffusion and control of nuclear material P nuclear event debris; To develop a method that can identify all possible military affairs.
The method of specific trace chemicals produced by related chemical processes. These technologies are obviously meaningful in monitoring, and they are produced.
Students' analytical work and modeling work have a great influence on our defensive posture in preventing armed conflicts.
Nuclear energy and nuclear weapons
Nuclear chemists play an indispensable role in the nuclear energy program. An important example is the chemical study of transuranic elements.
High-speed chemistry: explosives and fuels
The improved synthesis of fuels and explosives for propellants and ammunition is of great significance to China's national defense security.
The new frontier of national defense and the new direction of national defense include the following research focuses: accurate detection, reliable national defense weapons that can compete with other official weapons, and high-tech weapons, including chemical lasers. Chemistry plays an important role in these developments. For example, spectrum-based detection schemes, light polymer-based materials, hidden coatings and laser-resistant coatings.
Eight. conclusion
Chemistry is a central science, which plays a key role in providing food for all mankind, developing new energy sources, providing clothing and housing, providing renewable substitutes for increasingly scarce or scarce materials, benefiting health and conquering diseases, monitoring and protecting the environment, enhancing our national defense strength and safeguarding national security.
Chemical industry is a very high-tech industry, which depends on modern production technology, the most advanced instruments and equipment and the most novel ideas. The market competitiveness of China's chemical industry products in the international market mainly depends on whether it can maintain the leading position in chemical science. For the future of the country, no other basic science field will get safer investment than chemical energy. The progress of chemical industry depends on the foundation, application and research of new product development, and on the cultivation of talents in chemical academic circles. From the synthesis, structure and performance research of new compounds to the screening of new drugs, from the synthesis of new pesticides to the production of ammonia and nitric acid for chemical fertilizers, from the new organic compounds displayed by calculators and watches to the post-treatment of uranium compounds to the manufacture of new fuel rods for nuclear power industry, from the synthesis, structure and performance research of new catalysts to the new chemical process, from the research of chemical instruments to the on-line analysis of chemical industry production, etc., it has crossed the scope of the whole comprehensive chemistry discipline. Although the time required for academic research is relatively fast, it takes several years from a scientific invention to practical application, and even in some cases, the pure scientific foundation on which advanced industries depend is very hidden, but without this foundation, there will be no progress in modern chemical industry and modern social civilization.