The following graduation thesis was written by Guangdong freshmen, and I collected it for you:

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Abstract: Habermas' communicative behavior mainly refers to the behavior of seeking mutual understanding and cooperation between subjects through language communication and exchange. As the background of communication between subjects, the structure of the living world has been seriously destroyed in modern society, that is, the so-called colonial problem has arisen. Habermas tried to provide a way out for the settlement of the colonization of the life world by realizing the rationality of communication, that is, to seek a reasonable basis for communication behavior, which is mainly the norm that the communication subjects generally agree with and follow. In order to realize the rationality of communication, the communication subjects also need to choose appropriate language and carry out effective dialogue activities. Habermas's communicative behavior theory regards language as a medium to realize understanding and cognition, and proposes to redefine rationality and expand communicative rationality from theoretical level to practical level, which provides a new way to solve the problem of communicative alienation.

Keywords: Habermas; Communicative behavior; Rationality of communication; Reference significance

Habermas, the second generation representative of Frankfurt School of Western Marxism, turned to the study of communication theory in 1970s. His major works include Communication and Social Evolution (1976), Reconstruction of Historical Materialism (1976), Theory of Communicative Action (198 1) and Theory of Communicative Action.

In view of the alienation phenomena such as the loss of meaning and freedom in modern industrial civilization, Habermas expressed his concern for Marx? Weber's goal instrumental rationality theory analyzes the difference between communicative behavior and other social behaviors and establishes his own communicative behavior theory. Habermas believes that communication is an interaction between subjects, and interpersonal communication is realized through language? Do you understand? And then what? Is it consistent? Target. He regards the communicative behavior for the purpose of understanding as the basis of all other behaviors, as Habermas said? I regard the behavior aimed at understanding as the most fundamental thing. Conflict, competition and strategic behavior in the usual sense are all derivatives of behaviors aimed at understanding. ? Habermas's theory of communication adapts to the new changes in the practice of social communication in the post-industrial society in the west, trying to get rid of pessimism under the conditions of alienation in the post-industrial civilization society, especially the specific background and realistic foundation of the formation of this theory, which touches on some substantive problems in western culture and is worth learning and learning from.

First, the concept of communicative behavior and its rationality

The concept of communicative behavior is the core category of Habermas' communicative behavior theory, Habermas pointed out? Communicative behavior always needs a reasonable explanation in principle? .

In the first volume of Communicative Action, Thomas divides social behavior into four types: the first is purposeful behavior, that is, actors weigh various means and choose the most ideal means to achieve their goals, such as? Labor? Is this instrumental music? An end, a means? Type of action; The second category is the behavior regulated by norms, which can only occur in groups with the same * * * * values. Every member of the group takes the same values of the group as the behavior orientation, regulates and strictly controls the behavior and satisfies it? Global call to action? ; The third category is dramatic behavior, which focuses on expressing oneself. Actors express themselves in a certain way in front of their own audience, and want the audience to see and accept their own things in a certain way? ; The fourth category is communicative behavior, that is, the actors use verbal or nonverbal symbols to coordinate with each other and achieve consistency in action through dialogue. Mutual understanding is the core of communicative behavior.

Habermas believes that among the above four types of behaviors, only communicative behavior is the most reasonable, because communicative behavior has more advantages than the other three behaviors? This world? The universality of. Habermas, to the world? It is divided into three different levels, namely? The objective world? 、? Social world? And then what? Subjective world? . ? The objective world? Namely. The outside world? 、? Object world? ; ? Social world? That is, a legalized personal relationship? On the whole? ; ? Subjective world? This is a world composed of people's spontaneous experiences. Among the above four types of behaviors, only communicative behavior, as the relationship between different subjects, is the relationship between subjects and? The objective world? The subject and? Social world? The subject and? Subjective world? Compared with other behaviors, communicative behavior absorbs the advantages of the other three behaviors, is a worldwide and multi-directional behavior, and is more reasonable in essence. Habermas called it a world of communicative behavior? Life world? .

Second, the life world.

Habermas'? Life world? This concept originated from Husserl's phenomenology and Heidegger's hermeneutics. Habermas believes that communicative behavior operates in the life world, which is the historical stage of communication between subjects. It is not the relationship between actors and any one of the three realms, but the relationship between actors through the interpretation of the three realms to achieve mutual understanding and consensus? ,? The concept of life world can first be introduced as the relationship of understanding process. . The life world includes three levels, namely, culture, society and individuals. These three levels are interrelated and form a complex meaning network, which belongs to communicators. Belief library? ,? Belief library? Does it provide ideas for communicative actors in communication and interaction? Faith? The source. In these three levels, cultural knowledge is embodied in the form of symbols, in the use of articles and handicrafts, in proverbs and theories, in books and documents (as much as in behavior); Society is embodied in institutionalized order, legal norms or practical activities of norm adjustment and the interwoven materials used; Personality structure appears on the basis of human organism. It can be seen that the essence of the life world is composed of knowledge, and the communication subjects organize and express things that exist in the objective world, social world and subjective world through the same life world.

Whether the system is compatible with. Life world? A corresponding concept is a technical thing and a general term for material reproduction. For example, Habermas believes that the dual development of life world and system promotes the evolution of society. On the one hand, the rationalization of the life world is a necessary condition for the organization system to integrate the new mechanism; On the other hand, with the development of rationalization in life, there are more and more discordant factors among different social members, which leads to the serious division or even disconnection between the living world and the system in western society, and then leads to the colonization of the living world, that is, the further development of material production due to technology, science and some intermediary media. When these intermediary factors (such as money and power) further penetrate into politics, economy and family relations, the communication behavior of the life world is seriously occupied, which offsets the role that the life world should play in social integration. As Habermas said: the requirement of independent subsystem permeates people's life world from the outside, just like colonialists invade a tribal society and force it to assimilate. ?

Third, the path choice towards communicative rationality.

How to solve the problem of colonization of life world? Habermas put forward a solution to the rationality of communication. He believes that only by realizing communicative rationality, making rationality a reality in social life, and preventing the system from eroding the life world with the help of money and power media, can people's life world move towards rationality. Habermas tried to build a beautiful and ideal society through free communication and dialogue with the help of unity and justice.

First of all, the communication subjects should establish a set of norms, recognize and attach importance to certain norms, so as to effectively achieve the purpose of mutual understanding and conduct dialogue and communication smoothly. These norms influence and restrict the behavior of the communicative subjects, which is conducive to maintaining normal social relations. Habermas emphasized the universality of norms, saying:? Every effective norm must meet the following conditions, that is, the foreseeable results and side effects of satisfying everyone's intentions by following this norm can generally be accepted by all parties concerned without coercion. ? The universally valid norms here must be accepted by everyone voluntarily. Universality? It is combined with discussion and demonstration. Through discussion and demonstration, let all participants express different opinions, and finally find a point of view that can represent the will of the majority. Norms are an important basis for people to understand each other.

Secondly, the communicative subject should choose the appropriate language. Habermas thinks: I regard communication behavior as an interactive behavior mediated by language, in which all actors are committed to regulating their communication behavior and pursuing the purpose of words and deeds, and only pursuing these purposes. ? Habermas thinks that language has become a reason? Rationalization of communication? The key factor is that there will be language where there is communication behavior, and there will be no reasonable communication behavior where language behavior is blocked or distorted. When communicating with each other, both sides must choose the right language to express themselves.

Habermas believes that it is of great significance to understand language as a meta-system that all social systems have to rely on, because social behavior is formed in daily language communication. ? He changed the communication behavior into the interaction of communication subjects through symbol coordination, which is the communication between subjects mediated by language. He further pointed out? The four effective requirements in language use, namely, comprehensibility, authenticity, sincerity and correctness, ensure the intersubjectivity of language understanding and embody the reasonable connotation of communication structure rooted in the life world. ? This shows that in the process of communication, the subject should try to meet this point? Four validity requirements? In order to realize the rationalization of communication behavior.

Third, the communication subjects should carry out dialogue activities. Dialogue is the most effective way for people to get in touch with knowledge. Dialogue is communication. Only in the dialogue can the interests of the communication subjects be fully considered and the demands put forward by both sides become the objects of discussion. In a democratic, equal and harmonious atmosphere, people can fully express their views without any external pressure. In Habermas' words? All potential participants in a discourse have equal rights to participate in discourse argumentation, and anyone can express any opinion or object to any opinion at any time, and can question or refute the question? 、? All participants in the discourse have equal rights to explain, advocate, suggest and demonstrate, and to question, provide reasons or oppose the validity of the discourse. Any form of argument or criticism should not be suppressed. ? In this way, in the process of discussion and demonstration, the main body of communication has been obtained? Equal opportunity? The power of. Only by ensuring that participants enjoy equal and free discourse rights can we abandon the practice of abusing power and suppressing discourse democracy, reach mutual understanding through communication and dialogue, and overcome it? Life world? With what? System? The rift between them leads to the life world? Colonization? (such as commercialization, monetization and bureaucratization of life world), and realize social justice and equality.

Fourthly, the reference significance of Habermas' communicative behavior theory.

Habermas's Criticism and Inheritance of Contemporary Western Philosophy? Linguistic turn? He believes that language is the most basic medium of communication, and language symbol system plays an important role in communication behavior and social evolution. Through language communication, mutual understanding, rational behavior and universal knowledge can be realized, so as to integrate into society. Although this method has a strong hermeneutic color, it has a unique perspective, which expands and deepens the study of language problems. Communicative behavior is an activity carried out by communication subjects with the help of certain communication media, which inevitably involves the role of people's perceptual intermediary system-language symbol system, and is understood and accepted by people. Language is ideological? Direct reality? Language symbol system is an important intermediary for human beings to transform the external world. Through the language symbol system, it is beneficial to realize the exchange of thoughts, emotions and information between communication subjects and to understand the purpose and significance of communication activities themselves. Habermas thinks? The communicative behavior model regards language as the medium to realize all-round communication. In the process of communication, both the speaker and the audience start from their own life world and are associated with the objective world, the social world and the subjective world, so as to enter the same context? ,? Communicative behavior pattern runs through different social science traditions such as Meade's symbolic interaction theory, Wittgenstein's view of language game, Austin's view of speech act and Gadamer's hermeneutics, and pays full attention to various functions of language. Marx also thinks? Is barter and the tendency to exchange needed goods the result of using reason and language? . Habermas also made an in-depth study of the types and scale of language communication, the preconditions for speech acts to be understandable and the basis for their effectiveness. His linguistic turn is of great significance to achieve this goal. Rationalization of cultural system? But also has important value.

Habermas examines rationality from the perspective of the ability of dialogue and communication. The rationality he defined is practical rationality with reflective and critical functions, rather than cognitive rationality based on consciousness in traditional philosophy. This practical rationality? Not only pay attention to the possibility and purpose of behavior, but also put? Truth, goodness and beauty, that is, moral principles, as their own premise. ? Morality is considered to be observed here? Supreme order? Human subject not only has cognitive function, but also is the subject of communication practice. In Habermas's view, does tradition dominate? Philosophy of subjective consciousness? Based on the concept of instrumental rationality, this kind of instrumental behavior blindly emphasizes human's transformation of nature, and only pays attention to the relationship between means and purpose, technology and goal, without considering the legitimacy and legitimacy of the goal itself, and lacks the dimension of mutual subjectivity. Under the control of this instrumental behavior, the communication between people is distorted, the dialogue between subjects becomes an argument, and the contradictions between subjects are intensified. Instrumental rationality destroys the normal interpersonal communication structure, resulting in people's rule over people. In this case, Habermas logically put forward communicative rationality in order to overcome the dilemma of traditional modern philosophy of consciousness criticism. It can not only surpass transcendental rationality and the proof mode of transcendental rationality, but also get rid of the theoretical dilemma of instrumental rationality criticism; It can not only meet the inherent validity requirements of modern science, morality and aesthetic experience, but also provide universal and reasonable conditions for human reproduction and social rationalization; It can not only provide a new mechanism for social integration and individual socialization, but also reflect on this new mechanism historically and empirically.

In a word, communicative rationality can provide a normative standard for the diagnosis of modern pathological society. ? Here, communicative rationality is regarded as the normative basis for rebuilding a new critical theory. By redefining rationality, Habermas questioned and criticized the traditional concept of instrumental rationality, and realized the fundamental change of thinking mode of communicative behavior.

Discourse (negotiation) ethics plays an important role in Habermas' communication system. Habermas tries to demonstrate the theoretical system of communication through the construction of discourse ethics, expand the rationality of communication from the theoretical level to the practical level, and then seek new ideas to solve the alienation of communication. Habermas's discourse ethics embodies the combination of universality, argumentation and intersubjectivity. What is the principle of universality? Every effective norm must meet the following conditions, that is, the foreseeable results and side effects of satisfying everyone's intentions by following this norm can generally be accepted by all parties concerned without coercion. ? In other words, an effective norm and moral order based on rationality can represent the will and interests of most members of society and can be voluntarily accepted and followed by all. The principle of universality embodies Habermas' transformation of Kant's categorical imperative (internal moral rule). Habermas believes that argumentation has undeniable inevitability in discourse ethics, and the principle of universality can be summarized from the premise and norms of communication. People will inevitably admit and accept all kinds of things intentionally or unintentionally in discourse negotiation. Prior? Premise, so it will follow the requirements of some codes of conduct in various ways, which inevitably includes the process of rational argument. Habermas regards the universal recognition of ethical principles as a process of * * * recognition, and people fully discuss the will put forward by all parties through mutual discussion and finally determine the universal norms of * * * recognition. Habermas emphasized the mutual nature of the negotiation process, that is, mutual subjectivity. Because everyone will realize that they have enough rational thinking and communication skills, so will others, so they will negotiate with each other on an equal footing and form * * * knowledge through consultation and dialogue. Out of reason, people created the universal rhyme moral principle through discussion and demonstration, namely? Universalist morality? People consciously accept the guidance of moral laws and social norms, and rationalize their behavior by accepting guidance. Habermas's discourse ethics advocates the spirit of universalism and equal dialogue to solve the conflicts between different cultures, which provides a new idea for solving the alienation of communication and opens up a new perspective for discussing major issues closely related to the future of mankind and the world.

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