(1) survey method?
Investigation is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. It is a purposeful, planned and systematic method to collect materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object. Generally, a large number of data are obtained by answering questions in writing or orally, and then a large number of data collected in the investigation are analyzed, compared and summarized to provide people with regular knowledge.
(1) Typical example
The most typical example of survey method is questionnaire survey. It is a method of collecting information through written questions, that is, investigators compile a list of investigation items, distribute or mail them to relevant personnel, ask for answers, and then collect, sort out, count and study them.
(2) Research steps
1. Determine the subject of the survey
When determining the topic, we should pay attention to whether the topic has the necessity and possibility of research, and at the same time, we should pay attention to avoiding too large a topic and avoiding meaningless duplication of work.
2. Make an investigation plan
We must make clear the subject, purpose, object, scope, means, investigative steps and timetable of the investigation.
Collect materials
When collecting materials, we should keep the objectivity of materials as much as possible and adopt various means or methods as much as possible.
Finishing material
Organize the collected materials for subsequent summary.
Summarize research
Analyze, summarize and summarize the sorted materials and draw a general conclusion.
(3) Characteristics
Compared with other research methods, investigation method is time-consuming and labor-intensive, but it also has its advantages, that is, the first-hand information obtained is true and concrete, and it can have a more accurate and clear understanding of the research object.
(2) Observation method
Observation is a scientific research method that people systematically investigate the objective things in the natural state through the senses and auxiliary instruments in a purposeful and planned way to obtain empirical facts.
(1) Typical example
Piaget's theory on children's cognitive development is summarized through observation. Phulel, the founder of child psychology, put forward many theories in the field of child psychology after repeatedly using observation.
(2) Research steps
1. Clear observation object
On the basis of selecting and determining the research questions, the observers and the observed objects are determined.
Make an observation plan
In the observation plan, the clear observation purpose, focus, scope and data to be collected should be specified.
Get ready for observation
Whether the observation preparation is sufficient or not often affects the success or failure of observation.
Keep records
In the process of observation, we should always record and never let go of any key information.
(3) Characteristics
Observation method has the advantages of expanding people's perceptual knowledge and enlightening thoughts, but it does bring some difficulties to practical operation because it emphasizes that research should be carried out in the natural environment and personal prejudice is not allowed.
(3) experimental methods
Experimental method refers to a research method which is carefully designed, under the condition of high control, by manipulating some factors, to discover the causal relationship between variables, so as to verify the predetermined hypothesis. The core is to properly control the conditions of the object to be studied and eliminate the interference of irrelevant factors in the natural state.
(1) Typical example
A typical example of the experimental method is the Rosenthal effect. American psychologists Rosenthal and L. Jacobson have conducted a "future development trend test" on primary school students, and found that people's expectations of others' behavior can usually lead others to change in the expected direction.
(2) Research steps
1. Find and ask questions.
2. Collect information related to the problem
Make a hypothesis
4. Design the experimental scheme
5. Carry out the experiment and record it.
6. Analysis of experimental phenomena
come to a conclusion
(3) Characteristics
1. Positive change
Both observation method and investigation method are to understand the research object and find out the problems without disturbing the research object. However, experiments need to actively manipulate experimental conditions, artificially change the existing mode and changing process of objects, and make them obey the needs of scientific understanding.
Step 2 control
According to the needs of scientific experiments and research, with the help of various methods and technologies, the interference of various irrelevant factors that may affect science is reduced or eliminated, so that the research object is in a simplified and purified state.
3. Causality
Experiment is an effective tool and necessary way to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things.
(4) quantitative analysis method
Quantitative analysis is a research method for quantitative analysis of things or their components. According to the statistical data, the mathematical model is established, and the indexes and their values of the research object are calculated through the mathematical model. Common quantitative analysis methods include ratio analysis, trend analysis and mathematical model method.
(1) Typical example
Quantitative analysis methods are often used in enterprise management, such as the conclusion of enterprise credit results, which is the result of processing and sorting in some mathematical way by using quantitative analysis methods and taking enterprise financial statements as the main data source.
(2) Research steps
1. Establish indicators
It is necessary to clarify the problem to be solved and determine which aspects of data to collect for the problem to be solved.
gather data
Determine how to collect information and put it into practice according to the established indicators.
analytical data
After collecting a certain amount of data, the relationship between the data is analyzed according to a certain purpose, and a comprehensive understanding is formed on the basis of the analysis.
(3) Characteristics
The advantage of quantitative analysis is positive, clear and objective, but in practical application, researchers need to have certain mathematical knowledge.
(5) Qualitative analysis method
Qualitative analysis is the qualitative analysis of the research object. By means of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstract generalization, etc., the obtained materials are processed by thinking, and the internal laws of things' operation are revealed, including causal analysis, comparative analysis and contradiction analysis.
(1) Typical example
Delphi method is the most typical qualitative analysis method. In this method, experts' prediction opinions are consulted back to back according to the prescribed procedures. After several rounds of consultation, experts' prediction opinions tend to be concentrated, and finally a prediction conclusion that conforms to the future development trend of the market is made. This is a subjective prediction method.
(2) Research steps
1. Determine the number of analyzed factors, such as the number of entities, the number of relationships, the number of attributes, etc.
2. Describe and determine their characteristics, states and changes according to observation and experimental data;
3. Classify according to certain standards and reference frames;
4. Define, define and infer the analyzed factors according to their characteristics;
(3) Characteristics
Qualitative analysis is a method to judge the nature, characteristics, development and change law of the research object mainly based on the intuition and experience of the researcher. It is more suitable for the situation of insufficient data or weak mathematical foundation of analysts, but its disadvantage is that it is easily influenced by subjective factors and pays more attention to people's experience and subjective judgment ability.