The initial consonants of Putonghua can be divided into seven categories according to the pronunciation position: (1) there are three heavy lip sounds (b, p, m); (2) There is 1 tooth lip sound (f); (3) There are three pronunciations (Z, C, S) on the tip of the tongue; (4) There are four high notes (d, t, n, l) on the tip of the tongue; (5) There are four postpositions (zh, ch, sh, R) on the tip of the tongue; (6) There are three pre-pronunciations (j, q, x); (7) There are three reverse orders (G, K, H).

The initials of Putonghua can be divided into five categories according to pronunciation methods: (1) there are six stops (B, P, D, T, G, K); (2) There are three nasal sounds (m, n, ng, of which only m and n are initials); (3) There are six fricative sounds (f, h, x, sh, s, r); (4) There are 1 sidetone (L); (5) There are six affricates (J, Q, zh, ch, Z, C).

The initials of Putonghua are divided into unvoiced and voiced according to whether the vocal cords vibrate or not. Except that M, N, L and R are voiced, all the initials of Mandarin are unvoiced.

According to the strength of airflow when pronouncing, the initial consonants of Putonghua can be divided into aspirated and unvoiced sounds. Aspirated sounds and unvirated sounds are paired, such as B and P, D and T, G and K, Z and C, zh and ch, J and Q.

What do you mean "zero initial"?

Every Chinese syllable can be analyzed into two parts: initial consonant and vowel, and the phonetic structure of every Chinese character is also composed of initial consonant, vowel and tone. It is usually called "zero initial", that is, syllables without consonants, such as "an" (ā n), start with vowel A instead of consonants, and such syllables are "zero initial" syllables.

How to classify vowels in Putonghua?

There are 39 vowels in Mandarin, of which 23 are vowels, and 16 is a vowel with nasal consonants. According to the structural characteristics of vowels, vowels are generally divided into three categories, namely: single vowel, compound vowel and nasal vowel.

The first one is a single vowel, and vowels composed of simple vowels are called single vowels. There are 10 vowels in Putonghua, among which there are 7 vowels on the tongue, namely, A, O, E, Mi, I, U and U, and there are three special vowels, namely, -i (front), -i (back) and er.

The second category is compound vowels. Compound vowels are used as vowels. Compound vowels are composed of a series of vowels and phonemes, which have been combined into a fixed sound group in hearing. Mandarin has 13 compound vowels. Polyphony can be divided into pre-voiced polyphony, post-voiced polyphony and middle-voiced polyphony according to the position of the main vowel. Pronunciation vowel refers to the vowel with the first vowel, and there are four vowels: ai, ei, ao and ou. Post-voiced compound vowel refers to the compound vowel after the main vowel, with five vowels: ia, ie, ua, uo and ü e, while the middle vowel refers to the vowel with the main vowel in the middle, with four vowels: iao, iou, uai and uei.

The third category is nasal vowels. A vowel ending in nasal consonant n or ng is called a nasal vowel. Mandarin has 16 nasal vowels * *, which can be divided into two types. One is the pre-nasal vowel with nasal sound n on the tip of the tongue, which has eight vowels: an, ian, uan, üan, en, in, uen and ü n; The other is nasal vowel with nasal root ng, which has eight vowels: ANG, ANG, ang, eng, ing, ueng, ONG and ong.

What is the internal structure of vowels?

The internal structure of vowels can be divided into three parts: rhyme head, rhyme belly and rhyme end. Such as the vowel iao, where I is called the rhyme, also called the middle tone; One is called rhyme belly; O is called rhyme. Rhyme is the main component of vowels, with a large opening and the loudest sound when pronounced. But not every vowel has three parts: rhyme head, rhyme belly and rhyme end. Some only have a rhyme head and a rhyme belly, such as vowels ia and uo üe, where I, u and u are rhymes, and a, o and Mi are rhymes; Some have only a rhyme belly and a rhyme ending, such as vowels ai, ei, ao and en, where A, E, A and E are rhymes, and the rhyme ending follows the rhyme belly; Monovowels have only a belly, but no beginning and ending. Mandarin has only three vowels, I, U and ü, and only four vowels, including two vowels, I and U (including O in ao and iao) and two consonants, N and ng. But the rhyme belly in vowels is indispensable.

What is the relationship between initials and consonants?

Initial and consonant are two different concepts. Initial consonants are divided from the perspective of analyzing syllable structure, and consonants are put forward from the perspective of analyzing phoneme attributes. Compared with vowels, consonants have the following main characteristics: the airflow in the pronunciation organs is blocked or hindered to some extent, the airflow is strong, and some muscles of the pronunciation organs involved in controlling the airflow are tense. The initials are played by consonants, but not all consonants are initials. For example, the "ng" in the syllable "guāng" is a consonant, but after the syllable, so it is not an initial. Another example is the syllable "nán" with "n" before and after, which is a consonant. The initial is at the beginning of the syllable, and the final is at the end of the syllable, not the initial.

What is the relationship between vowels and vowels?

Vowel and vowel are not the same concept. Vowels talk about the position of phonemes in syllables, while vowels talk about the nature of phonemes. The main characteristics of vowels are: smooth air flow in the mouth, weak air flow, tense muscle balance in the vocal organs, and vibration of vocal cords during normal pronunciation. Vowels can be used as single vowels, such as: a, o, e, I, u, u, etc. These vowels are served by compound vowels, such as an, en, in, ün, etc. These vowels consist of vowels with nasal consonants. As can be seen from the above examples, all vowels can be used as vowels or as part of vowels, but vowels are not all vowels, and consonants N and ng can also be combined with vowels to form vowels. It can be seen that the range of vowels is larger than that of vowels.

What do you mean by four phone calls?

In order to express the combination of phonology and phonology, traditional Chinese phonetics divides vowels into four categories, namely, open sound, straight tooth sound, closed sound and pinch sound, also known as four tones. A vowel with a, o, e, Mi, er, I (before) and I (after) or a vowel with a, o and e is called an open call; Vowels that start with I or I are called even-toothed calls, such as iou, iao, ie, ia; Vowels with u or vowels starting with u are called closed calls, such as ua, uo, uai, uei；; Vowels are called sandwiching, such as üe, ün and üan. According to traditional phonetics, vowel ong is classified as closed call and vowel ONG as clamped call.

What is tone? What is the function of tone?

Tone refers to the rise and fall of syllable pronunciation. Tone is mainly a phenomenon of pitch change and also a change of sound length. Pitch depends on the number of times the pronunciation body vibrates in a certain period of time. The more times, the higher the sound, and vice versa. When pronouncing, the tighter the vocal cords are, the more they vibrate in a certain period of time, the higher the sound is, the looser the vocal cords are, and the fewer the vibration times are, the lower the sound is. In the process of pronunciation, the vocal cords can be adjusted at any time, causing various pitch changes and forming different tones. In Chinese, a syllable is generally a Chinese character, so the tone is also called tone. Tone is an indispensable part of syllable structure and plays an important role in distinguishing meanings. Such as theme and genre, practice and contact. The difference in meaning of these words mainly depends on mood.

What are tones, tones and tones?

Tone value is the change of tone and the actual pronunciation of tone. Tone category is the classification of tones, which is summarized according to the actual pronunciation of tones. There are several types of tones in the actual pronunciations, that is, words with the same tone value are combined together. Mandarin has four basic tone values, so it can be summarized into four tone categories, namely, flat tone, rising tone, falling tone, which are customarily called rising tone, two tones, three tones, four tones, and also called four tones. Tone symbols should be marked on the main vowels of syllables. According to the order of A, O, E, I, U, ü, and the order of I and U, it is necessary to mark the midrange value of the vowel found by both I and U on the last vowel. To mark the value of I, you should go to the point on I first and then mark the value.

What is Pinyin? How to pinyin?

Pinyin is the process of Pinyin Festival, that is, according to the formation law of syllables in Mandarin, initials and finals are quickly and continuously spelled and combined with tones to form a syllable. The key point of Pinyin is: "The first sound (initial) is light, the last sound (vowel) is heavy, and the two sounds collide violently." When using pinyin, keep in mind the coordination law of initials and finals in Putonghua;

Initial n and zero initial have a combined relationship with opening call, discharging call and pinching call.

The initials F, G, K, H, zh, ch, R, Z, C, S only spell open call and closed call.

The initials j, x and q only spell pronunciation and accent.

The initials b, p, m, d and t are spelled differently.

The vowels of open call and closed call are spliced with other initials except J, Q and X.

Cukou's vowels are only related to j, q, x, n, l and zero initials.

Attention should also be paid to the correct pronunciation of initials, finals and tones when spelling. Read initials, not pronunciations (in teaching, different vowels are attached to initials, which are called pronunciations); Vowels should be read as a whole. Don't break down the rhyme head, rhyme belly and rhyme tail and put them together temporarily. To see key signature clearly, please read the tune correctly.

Common spelling methods are as follows:

Phonetic spelling-spelling vowels as a whole with the first letter. Such as: h-ao→ (Hao).

Two spellings of initials-first find the pronunciation position of initials, set the pronunciation posture, and then pronounce the finals in one breath and spell them into syllables. For example, to spell bā (ba), first close your lips, hold your breath, put on the sound of b, and then pronounce a syllable in one breath.

Three-syllable linking method-it is to analyze the syllables with intermediate sounds into three parts: sound, middle and rhyme, and connect them into one syllable when pinyin is used. Such as: q-I-ng → ng (strong)

Phonetic initials and finals are connected-initials and finals are put together to form a phonetic component, and then they are put together with the finals behind. Such as: guāng→guāng (light).

What is tone sandhi? How many situations can there be tone sandhi?

Every syllable of Putonghua is not an isolated unit. Syllables and syllables are read continuously, and the tones affect each other, and they all change more or less, so they can't keep the original tone value. This phenomenon is called tone sandhi, which is a natural tone sandhi phenomenon and has no influence on language expression.

Tone sandhi will occur before the rising tone, rising tone, falling tone, so there is little chance to read the original sound completely. Only when you are single-minded, or at the end of words and sentences, can you read the original tone. There are two kinds of tone sandhi:

The upper voice becomes semitone before the non-upper voice (flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and soft tone), that is, the first half of the upper voice is read only and the second half disappears. Such as: first of all, the motherland is vast and has ears.

The upper voice is in front of the upper voice, and the tone value of the previous upper voice becomes the same as the upper voice. For example, watches are classic, beautiful and ideal.

How do "one" and "no" tone sandhi?

"One" can be pronounced singly or at the end of a sentence.

"One" is in front of disyllabic words and becomes a rising tone. For example:

One thing at a time must be consistent.

All at once.

"One" becomes unvoiced in front of flat tone, rising tone and rising tone. For example:

Before leveling: generally, one end passes one side.

Before the rising tone: one group at a time.

In front of the sound: one hand at a time in the morning

"One" is sandwiched between overlapping verbs. Read it lightly. For example:

Take a look, think, ask and learn.

"No" can be pronounced singly or at the end of a sentence.

"Bu" becomes a rising tone before disyllabic words. For example:

No, no, but not necessarily the same.

I don't believe it, but it's not bad.

"Bu" is sandwiched between verbs or adjectives and lightly read between verb complements. For example:

Okay, okay? I can't see it clearly or open it.

What do you mean by softly? What are the rules for judging light tone?

Light tone is a special tone besides four tones. In words or sentences, some syllables often lose their original tone and are read as light and short tones. This light and short tone is light. The light tone of Putonghua changes from four tones: flat, rising and falling. As a phonetic phenomenon of tone sandhi, light tone is bound to be reflected in words and sentences, so the pronunciation of light tone syllables cannot exist independently.

Light tone can distinguish the meaning of some words. For example, brother Xi Bugatti (referring to younger brother)-brother Xi Bugatti (referring to older brother and younger brother)

Light tone can distinguish the meaning and part of speech of some words. For example, DuiTou (enemy, opponent, noun) -DuiTó u (correct and appropriate, adjective)

In addition, some disyllabic words are used to reading the second syllable softly, without distinguishing the meaning or part of speech. Such as: air, consultation, husband.

Whether a word is pronounced softly has the following rules:

(1) Read the modal particle "Come on, mom, you, ah" softly. All right, all right, go ahead.

⑵ Read the auxiliary words "de, di, de, le, guo, men" softly. Such as: big, affordable.

⑶ Noun suffix "Zi, Er, Tou" reads softly. Such as: dining table, canned food, old people.

(4) Read directional words softly, such as sky and home.

5. The last syllable of overlapping verbs is pronounced softly. Come here, get over there and get to work.

[6] Overlapping nouns read softly, such as brothers, dolls and orangutans.

(7) Directional verbs are read softly. Come here, get over there and get to work.

The tone color of light syllables is unstable. In pronunciation training, we should master the fixed phenomenon of light tone, that is, the dictionary has been included, and generally do not read light tone for syllables that can be read light tone and those that cannot be read light tone clearly.

What is "two changes"?

Putonghua is based on Beijing dialect, and the phenomenon of Er is one of the characteristics of northern dialects, which mainly comes from the suffix "Er". The suffix "er" was originally an independent syllable. Because it is in a light reading position in oral English, it has been fluently connected with the previous syllable for a long time, resulting in a sound change. "Er" has lost its independence, and only keeps a tongue rolling action, so that two syllables are merged into one syllable, and the previous syllable has changed more or less. This phonetic phenomenon is "Hua Er", and this vowel with curly tongue color is called "Hua Er Yun". Although Er-hua syllables are represented by two Chinese characters, they are not two syllables. When reading, you should still pronounce it as syllables. When spelling, add an "r" after the original vowel, such as "Hua Er" written as huā r.

There are roughly two kinds of vowel inflections. One is that although the vowel is inflected, the original vowel remains unchanged, such as the "code" in "Haoer", although the vowel is inflected, the vowel is still a; The other is that the original vowel has changed after the tongue is rolled, such as the "root" (gěn) in "shùgēnr". After rolling the tongue sound, its vowel N is lost, actually pronounced as Sh ù g ē r. Because of Hua Er, some vowels have changed, so that some syllables with different pronunciations have become homophones. For example, "needle" and "branch" are two words with different pronunciations After rolling the tongue sound, it becomes "needle" and "branch" with the same pronunciation. The vowels of Putonghua can be inflected except E and er (ueng is generally unyielding), and all other vowels can be inflected.

Hua Er's main functions are:

Express tender and loving feelings. For example: girls, safflower.

Describe the tiny state and quality. For example: a little, Xiaomi.

Determine the part of speech. Words that double as verbs, nouns, adjectives or nouns are defined as noun parts of speech after rolling their tongues. For example: cover-cover, sharp-sharp.

Distinguish the meaning of words. For example: child (head)-leader (head), white flour (flour)-white flour (white powder or heroin)

What are the phonetic changes of the modal particle "ah"?

"Ah" is the basic voice to express mood and feelings. When used at the beginning of a sentence or when read alone, the pronunciation is a; When used as an auxiliary word at the end of a sentence, the pronunciation often changes due to the influence of the phoneme at the end of the previous syllable. The law of change is as follows:

When the phonemes at the end of the preceding syllables are Q, O, E, E, I and ü, the pronunciation becomes ya, and Chinese characters are written as "Ah" or "Ya".

For example:

It's him! Pay attention to saving!

How much! Study hard!

What a new car! What a heavy rain!

When the phoneme at the end of the previous syllable is U (including ao and iao), the pronunciation becomes wa, and Chinese characters are written as "ah" or "wow".

For example:

Where do you live? How interesting! Everyone jumps!

When the phoneme at the end of the previous syllable is n, the pronunciation becomes na, and Chinese characters write "ah" or "na"

For example:

What should I do? Come on, do it! Be careful!

When the phoneme at the end of the previous syllable is ng, the pronunciation becomes nga, and the Chinese character is still written as "ah".

For example:

Everybody sing together! Listen carefully! Get up!

When the vowel of the first syllable is the vowel -i behind the tip of the tongue, when reading ra, Chinese characters still write "ah".

For example:

This is a big event! Eat quickly!

When the vowel of the previous syllable is the vowel before the tip of the tongue-I, when you read [za], the Chinese character is still written as "ah".

For example:

I've been there several times! He is only fourteen years old!