It is a historical fact that falsificationists are in a dilemma. If their methodology is strictly observed by scientists, those theories that are recognized as the best examples of scientific theories will never be developed, because they were abandoned in the bud. You can take any classic scientific theory as an example. No matter at the beginning or later, you can find the observation-based assertions that were recognized at that time and were considered to be contradictory to that theory. Nevertheless, those theories have not been abandoned, and it is lucky for science that they have not been abandoned. Here are some historical examples that can support my argument.

When Newton's theory of gravity came out, it was proved to be false because of the observation of the moon's orbit. It took nearly 50 years to turn it into something outside Newton's theory. Later, people knew that this same theory was inconsistent with the details of Mercury's orbit, although scientists did not give up this theory. Facts show that it is never possible to explain this falsification in the past by protecting Newton's theory.

The second example is related to Bohr's atomism, which was put forward by lakatos. At the early stage of development, this theory is inconsistent with the observation that a substance is stable for more than 10-8 seconds. According to this theory, negatively charged electrons move around the positively charged nucleus along the orbit inside the atom. However, according to the classical electromagnetic theory accepted by Bohr as the premise, electrons moving along the orbit should be radiated. This radiation will make electrons lose energy and fall into the nucleus. The quantitative details of classical electromagnetic theory estimate that the time of this nuclear capture is 10-8 seconds. Fortunately, Bohr stuck to his theory, although the proof was wrong.

The third example involves the theory of gas movement, which helps to illustrate that the founder of that theory explicitly admitted that the theory was proved to be false as soon as it was put forward. 1859 When Maxwell first published the details of gas motion theory, he admitted in the same paper that this theory was proved wrong by the measurement results of gas specific heat. 18 years later, when commenting on the consequences of gas motion theory, he wrote:

"Some of them are consistent with our current understanding of material structure, which undoubtedly makes us very satisfied, but others are likely to awaken us from a calm state of mind, and may eventually drive us out of all assumptions that have been sheltered and make us enter a state of complete and conscious ignorance, which is the prelude to all real knowledge progress."

All the important developments of sports theory took place after that falsification. Fortunately, this theory has not been abandoned again, because it is proved wrong by the measurement of specific heat of gas, and naive falsificationists will at least be forced to insist on giving up.