A major artistic technique commonly used in drama. Generally, there are three kinds of contrast: character contrast, scene contrast and detail contrast. The characters who are in the opposite state in the play are often described by comparison, so as to highlight their personality differences and opposing will and make the characters more vivid. Contrast includes two situations: one is the tragic mutation from prosperity to adversity; The second is a comic mutation from adversity to prosperity.
Horizontal contrast
Benchmarking management is also called benchmarking management. It is a continuous process of comparing, analyzing and measuring the performance, quality and after-sales service of products with the most powerful competitors or companies that have become industry leaders, and taking improvement measures.
The horizontal comparison method includes two important aspects: on the one hand, making plans, constantly looking for and setting the benchmark of domestic and international advanced level, and finding the gap of their own products through comparison and comprehensive thinking; On the other hand, we constantly take measures to improve the design, technology and quality management, learn from each other's strong points, and constantly improve the technical and quality level of our products, surpassing all our competitors, reaching and maintaining the world advanced level.
Using horizontal contrast method is not a simple imitation, but a creative reference. Through in-depth thinking and research, we gather the strengths of many companies to carry out technological innovation and realize the improvement of product performance. Only by mastering breakthrough technology can we lead the world. In order to better carry out the horizontal comparison method, relevant databases should be established and constantly updated. The horizontal contrast method has been widely used in the United States and achieved remarkable results.
For example, for a certain performance appraisal factor, compare the performance level of employees to see who is doing better, record the times when each employee is compared to be "better", and rank employees according to the times. Similar to the direct ranking method, this is a more detailed method to evaluate the performance level through comparison and ranking. Its characteristic is that each assessment element should be compared and ranked in pairs between people, so that under each assessment element, everyone is compared with everyone else, and all the people who are assessed are fully ranked under each element. It is also a relatively qualitative evaluation method.
Advantages and practicability
Because the ranking is obtained by pairwise comparison, the evaluation is more reliable and effective.
Disadvantages and scope of application
Similar to the direct sorting method, it is only suitable for a small number of people and the operation is more troublesome.
Inductive comparison method
Induction refers to the method of combining specific individual things separately to draw general conclusions. Therefore, in logic, the thinking form from individual to general has always been called induction. Contrast is a research method to seek the similarities or differences between different things by comparing them.
The comprehensive application of induction and comparison can systematize and theorize scattered and unsystematic knowledge, and can also find out the similarities and differences of things and distinguish similar things through comparison.
Consciousness contrast method
A learning method in foreign language teaching method.
theoretical basis
The pedagogy of the former Soviet Union put moral education in a very important position. The pedagogy of the former Soviet Union holds that the teaching of various subjects should cultivate students' materialistic world outlook. It quotes Lenin's famous saying, "Only by enriching one's mind with all the knowledge wealth created by human beings can one become a producer of * * *" (Selected Works of Lenin, Volume IV, page 348, People's Publishing House, 1972). * * * The materialistic world outlook is based on knowledge, so every subject should attach importance to imparting knowledge. The comparison between mother tongue and foreign language in foreign language teaching is of ideological education significance. Because through the comparison of the two languages, we can clearly understand our own thinking and deepen our understanding of our mother tongue and what we have learned in our mother tongue class. Therefore, it is extremely important to impart language knowledge systematically. Systematic foreign language knowledge plays a leading role in foreign language teaching. Skills and practice serve knowledge. Therefore, in foreign language teaching, we should systematically explain grammar knowledge and make a comparison between the two languages. The principle of consciousness is an important principle of pedagogy in the former Soviet Union. Consciousness in foreign language teaching refers to understanding language materials on the basis of analyzing and comparing two languages. Consciousness focuses students' attention on the form of language, not on the content expressed by language. The principle of self-awareness has become an important pedagogical theoretical basis for self-awareness comparison.
According to the linguistics of the former Soviet Union, language consists of three elements: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Phonetics is the material shell, vocabulary is the building material, and grammar is the structural framework. Mastering a language means mastering the material shell of pronunciation, the building materials of vocabulary and the framework of grammar. According to Stalin's view of language, language is the material shell of thinking, and naked thinking without language does not exist. The conscious contrast method holds that students have mastered their mother tongue, which has become the material shell of students' thinking. When students learn a foreign language, the shell of their thinking is not a foreign language, but their mother tongue. Therefore, students should rely on their mother tongue when learning a foreign language. Explaining, translating and comparing mother tongue with foreign language is the basis of understanding and mastering foreign language.
The physiologist Pavlov's theory of two signals is another psychological theoretical basis for conscious comparison. Two signals refer to the first signal "object" and the second signal "language". Mother tongue and foreign language are both languages, so they are both second signals, but mother tongue is the second signal for long-term mastery, and foreign language is the second signal for new learning. The new second signal foreign language depends on the original second signal mother tongue. The new second signal foreign language can not establish direct contact with the objective world, but can only be based on the original second signal mother tongue. The principle that consciousness contrast relies on mother tongue is based on two theories of signal psychology.
General characteristics
Relying on mother tongue for translation and comparison;
Relying on mother tongue for translation and comparison is the only special principle of conscious comparison. The mutual translation and contrast between mother tongue and foreign language is the fundamental means to consciously understand and master foreign language and the basis for students to consciously learn foreign language. The consciousness of conscious contrast method is directly opposed to the mechanical and unconscious nature of direct method. Therefore, translation and contrast run through the whole process of foreign language teaching through conscious comparison.
Language rules guide language practice;
Conscious contrast emphasizes the interpretation of grammatical rules and contrasts the grammatical phenomena of foreign languages and mother tongues. Writing foreign language textbooks takes language rules as the main clue. Foreign language teaching first requires mastering grammar knowledge, and then carrying out language practice under the guidance of grammar rules. Language practice without the guidance of language rule theory is blind practice and unconscious practice. Understanding and mastering the laws of language is the basis of consciously understanding and mastering a foreign language. Comparing the similarities and differences of grammatical phenomena between foreign language and mother tongue can promote the positive transfer of mother tongue and prevent the negative transfer of mother tongue.
Imitate on the basis of analyzing and understanding language knowledge;
First of all, we should analyze and explain the language materials, and translate and compare them in our mother tongue to understand their meanings. Imitation on the basis of understanding language knowledge is conscious imitation, and conscious learning can achieve correct imitation, practice and firm memory.
Oral English teaching based on written language;
Written language is the foundation of foreign language teaching. Reading is the main and most important means of foreign language teaching. Visual perception of a foreign language is the most reliable perception and the starting point of foreign language teaching. Oral English should be trained and cultivated on the basis of written language in order to get effective development.
From analysis to synthesis:
The arrangement and teaching of foreign language materials adopt the order from analysis to synthesis, that is, pronunciation-vocabulary-sentence-chapter. At the beginning of foreign language teaching, we set up a phonetic stage, learn letters and phonetics in isolation, and then form words by phonetics, phrases and sentences by words, and chapters by sentences. In foreign language teaching, we should first master the knowledge of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar analytically, and then master the sentences and texts comprehensively.
Superiority comparison method
Definition of pecking order comparison method
The historical data of many enterprises often cannot reflect the objective relationship between factors, and some factors cannot be calculated in quantitative form. How to evaluate the importance between them? By comparing each other, the pecking order comparison method fully considers the relationship of various factors, so as to determine its weight.
Priority comparison method needs to construct a judgment scale first. Generally speaking, the measure of importance can be expressed in five grades: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The bigger the number, the greater the importance. When comparing two goals, if one goal is 5, the importance of the other goal is 0; If one goal is 3 and the other goal is 5.
evaluate
By comparing the evaluation factors, the pecking order comparison method fully shows the relationship between the factors, and the implementation process still needs managers to make judgments based on experience. Although a judgment may be biased, it can be compensated by comparing with other factors, which is a supplement to the subjective experience judgment of decision makers. Therefore, it is objective and scientific.
Practice has proved that this method is feasible.
Principle of high and low concentration contrast method
High and low concentration contrast method (principal component self-control method). First, prepare a test solution with a certain concentration, and then dilute it by a certain multiple to obtain another low-concentration solution as a control solution. Find two solutions, expand them and compare these points. In biological research, the number of two strains that are easy to grow is often compared. The color of impurity spots in the test solution shall not be deeper than the main spots in the control solution (some also stipulate that the impurity spots in the test solution shall not exceed several). Because the ranking is obtained by pairwise comparison, the evaluation is more reliable and effective.
Disadvantages and scope of application
Similar to the direct sorting method, it is only suitable for a small number of people and the operation is more troublesome. Induction refers to the method of combining specific individual things separately to draw general conclusions. Therefore, in logic, the thinking form from individual to general has always been called induction. Contrast is a research method to seek the similarities or differences between different things by comparing them.
The comprehensive application of induction and comparison can systematize and theorize scattered and unsystematic knowledge, and can also find out the similarities and differences of things and distinguish similar things through comparison. The pedagogy of the former Soviet Union put moral education in a very important position. The pedagogy of the former Soviet Union holds that the teaching of various subjects should cultivate students' materialistic world outlook. It quotes Lenin's famous saying, "Only by enriching one's mind with all the knowledge wealth created by human beings can one become a producer of * * *" (Selected Works of Lenin, Volume IV, page 348, People's Publishing House, 1972). * * * The materialistic world outlook is based on knowledge, so every subject should attach importance to imparting knowledge. The comparison between mother tongue and foreign language in foreign language teaching is of ideological education significance. Because through the comparison of the two languages, we can clearly understand our own thinking and deepen our understanding of our mother tongue and what we have learned in our mother tongue class. Therefore, it is extremely important to impart language knowledge systematically. Systematic foreign language knowledge plays a leading role in foreign language teaching. Skills and practice serve knowledge. Therefore, in foreign language teaching, we should systematically explain grammar knowledge and make a comparison between the two languages. The principle of consciousness is an important principle of pedagogy in the former Soviet Union. Consciousness in foreign language teaching refers to understanding language materials on the basis of analyzing and comparing two languages. Consciousness focuses students' attention on the form of language, not on the content expressed by language. The principle of self-awareness has become an important pedagogical theoretical basis for self-awareness comparison.
According to the linguistics of the former Soviet Union, language consists of three elements: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Phonetics is the material shell, vocabulary is the building material, and grammar is the structural framework. Mastering a language means mastering the material shell of pronunciation, the building materials of vocabulary and the framework of grammar. According to Stalin's view of language, language is the material shell of thinking, and naked thinking without language does not exist. The conscious contrast method holds that students have mastered their mother tongue, which has become the material shell of students' thinking. When students learn a foreign language, the shell of their thinking is not a foreign language, but their mother tongue. Therefore, students should rely on their mother tongue when learning a foreign language. Explaining, translating and comparing mother tongue with foreign language is the basis of understanding and mastering foreign language.
The physiologist Pavlov's theory of two signals is another psychological theoretical basis for conscious comparison. Two signals refer to the first signal "object" and the second signal "language". Mother tongue and foreign language are both languages, so they are both second signals, but mother tongue is the second signal for long-term mastery, and foreign language is the second signal for new learning. The new second signal foreign language depends on the original second signal mother tongue. The new second signal foreign language can not establish direct contact with the objective world, but can only be based on the original second signal mother tongue. The principle that consciousness contrast relies on mother tongue is based on two theories of signal psychology. Relying on mother tongue for translation and comparison;
Relying on mother tongue for translation and comparison is the only special principle of conscious comparison. The mutual translation and contrast between mother tongue and foreign language is the fundamental means to consciously understand and master foreign language and the basis for students to consciously learn foreign language. The consciousness of conscious contrast method is directly opposed to the mechanical and unconscious nature of direct method. Therefore, translation and contrast run through the whole process of foreign language teaching through conscious comparison.
Language rules guide language practice;
Conscious contrast emphasizes the interpretation of grammatical rules and contrasts the grammatical phenomena of foreign languages and mother tongues. Writing foreign language textbooks takes language rules as the main clue. Foreign language teaching first requires mastering grammar knowledge, and then carrying out language practice under the guidance of grammar rules. Language practice without the guidance of language rule theory is blind practice and unconscious practice. Understanding and mastering the laws of language is the basis of consciously understanding and mastering a foreign language. Comparing the similarities and differences of grammatical phenomena between foreign language and mother tongue can promote the positive transfer of mother tongue and prevent the negative transfer of mother tongue.
Imitate on the basis of analyzing and understanding language knowledge;
First of all, we should analyze and explain the language materials, and translate and compare them in our mother tongue to understand their meanings. Imitation on the basis of understanding language knowledge is conscious imitation, and conscious learning can achieve correct imitation, practice and firm memory.
Oral English teaching based on written language;
Written language is the foundation of foreign language teaching. Reading is the main and most important means of foreign language teaching. Visual perception of a foreign language is the most reliable perception and the starting point of foreign language teaching. Oral English should be trained and cultivated on the basis of written language in order to get effective development.
From analysis to synthesis:
The arrangement and teaching of foreign language materials adopt the order from analysis to synthesis, that is, pronunciation-vocabulary-sentence-chapter. At the beginning of foreign language teaching, we set up a phonetic stage, learn letters and phonetics in isolation, and then form words by phonetics, phrases and sentences by words, and chapters by sentences. In foreign language teaching, we should first master the knowledge of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar analytically, and then master the sentences and texts comprehensively. Definition of pecking order comparison method
The historical data of many enterprises often cannot reflect the objective relationship between factors, and some factors cannot be calculated in quantitative form. How to evaluate the importance between them? By comparing each other, the pecking order comparison method fully considers the relationship of various factors, so as to determine its weight.
Priority comparison method needs to construct a judgment scale first. Generally speaking, the measure of importance can be expressed in five grades: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The bigger the number, the greater the importance. When comparing two goals, if one goal is 5, the importance of the other goal is 0; If one goal is 3 and the other goal is 2.
explain
For example, in the process of performance appraisal, a position has four KPI assessment factors, namely A, B, C, D, The following table shows the total weight of ABCD A02130.1b543120.4c31kloc-0/50.17d424100.33 total/kloc.
evaluate
By comparing the evaluation factors, the pecking order comparison method fully shows the relationship between the factors, and the implementation process still needs managers to make judgments based on experience. Although a judgment may be biased, it can be compensated by comparing with other factors, which is a supplement to the subjective experience judgment of decision makers. Therefore, it is objective and scientific.
Practice has proved that this method is feasible.
Principle of high and low concentration contrast method
High and low concentration contrast method (principal component self-control method). First, prepare a test solution with a certain concentration, and then dilute it by a certain multiple to obtain another low-concentration solution as a control solution. Find two solutions, expand them and compare these points. In biological research, the number of bacteria in two solutions is often compared. The color of impurity spots in the test solution shall not be deeper than the main spots in the control solution (some also stipulate that the impurity spots in the test solution shall not exceed several).