In the credit practice of small and micro enterprises, the shortage of collateral makes the credit personnel have a strong dependence on the evaluation of enterprise operating conditions. The nonstandard and imperfect business information makes the credit personnel have to reconstruct the business data of the enterprise based on more cross-validation and logical reasoning to meet the evaluation requirements of business conditions. Therefore, in the process of due diligence, how to carry out the logic of review, according to what clues and order, has become the core issue.
Prevention of fraud in the business of insufficient mortgage
Among the credit risks of small and micro enterprises, credit fraud is the most intolerable thing for risk control personnel. The two most common types of credit fraud are: concealing debts and whitewashing operations. The first task in the due diligence process is to identify whether there is credit fraud. Usually, many small and micro enterprises do not have enough collateral for their credit business, and credit fraud leads to credit exposure and directly becomes a risk loss. Therefore, for the credit loan business, the primary responsibility of risk control is to eliminate the possibility of credit fraud, and Puyue Company is more professional in this respect.
1, credit fraud prevention based on implicit debt check
Usually, we judge whether an enterprise has hidden liabilities according to the conclusion of equity test. The historical profit accumulation is obviously insufficient compared with the current total net assets of the enterprise, indicating that the enterprise still has undisclosed liabilities. All personnel should follow up the doubtful points that failed the equity test and look for evidence to verify the existence of hidden liabilities.
Historically, large investment failure (main business/non-main business), long-term loss-making operation (increasing debt maintenance business) and malicious fraud under the guise of business are the main reasons for the formation of hidden liabilities. Large-scale investment failures mostly occur in enterprises with long operating history, older entrepreneurs (the second generation is not successful in succession), weak ability, difficulty in maintaining the main business and insufficient concentration of entrepreneurs (tending to diversified investment). Long-term operating losses are the long-term causes of hidden liabilities of enterprises. The profit of the main business of the enterprise is meager and the management is not meticulous, so it is easy to fall into a loss situation. This situation usually occurs in traditional industries with fierce competition and small profit margins.
In short, checking hidden liabilities is the most powerful tool to identify the first line of defense of credit fraud. On the basis of doubt, seeking logical and empirical verification is getting deeper and deeper until it is confirmed or falsified. If necessary, it can pass the strict inspection of all accounts and their running water. If the inspection results can fully explain the previous doubts, it can be judged that the customer has no credit fraud.
2. Prevention of credit fraud based on whitewash business verification
Whitewash business data will lead to the mismatch between the measured assets accumulation and the empirical assets accumulation in the process of equity testing, which usually leads to the failure of equity testing. Because beautifying business data is the luck of most entrepreneurs when they borrow money, it is also a routine of commercial banks.
(1) The inflated income and profit can be falsified by the relationship among internal routine processes such as purchasing management, inventory management and sales management. If customers use the whole process system to cheat, they can always push it back through the actual profits in recent years. The main line of logical verification is: more income should lead to more profits; More profits should lead to more asset accumulation and relatively less liabilities. Even if the income scale and debt scale expand, the rolling investment of profits can be clearly calculated;
(2) inflated contracts, accounts receivable and inventories can be confirmed or forged through the daily processes of contract management, accounts receivable management and inventory management. At the same time, it can also be falsified by logical judgments such as the matching degree between channels and customers, historical transactions and cooperation records, and inventory rationality. The main line of logical verification is that current assets should maintain liquidity, and any assets that cannot flow normally need a reasonable explanation. Any business cooperation has a normal business motive, a basis of mutual benefit and a gradual process, not a sudden one. Contracts and orders that do not match their own capabilities also carry huge commercial risks;
(3) Inflated foreign investment, equity financing and debt financing do not happen frequently, and are generally assets and cash flow bases that the best personnel will not adopt. Fictitious debt financing usually appears in the scene of loan write-off and loan renewal of enterprises, which can be confirmed or falsified by commercial common sense; Small and micro enterprises have less foreign investment and will not be included in their assets unless there is conclusive evidence to prove it; In view of the increasing number of loanable and investable models in reality, we should confirm or falsify them according to the logic of conventional equity financing, and gradually verify them along the process of equity financing in line with the idea of phased verification. Even if it can be confirmed, we should also pay attention to the increase of business risks brought about by investors' strict requirements on management and growth methods.
From the perspective of credit loans, there are still many points to be emphasized separately in the verification of asset accumulation. First of all, in the process of directly verifying assets, we should adhere to the principle of prudence to evaluate; Secondly, the manifestation of net assets will also affect the supporting effect of credit security.
What is a micro loan?
Literally speaking, microfinance has the characteristics of small amount and short time, specifically, it is the credit business of small and micro enterprises. Because the credit demand of small and micro enterprises has the characteristics of "short, small, frequent and urgent", its small, short-term and scattered characteristics are more similar to retail loans, so the requirements for capital liquidity are very high. From the analysis of the current situation, some joint-stock commercial banks have carried out microfinance business, but the bank's examination is too strict, resulting in more applicants and less business. Compared with banks, new Internet financial institutions are more flexible and convenient. Internet financial institutions, mainly P2P, etc. , has certain advantages in the development of micro-credit, and it is more and more welcomed by small and medium-sized enterprises and individuals by making use of its more flexible and convenient advantages.
Compared with the large loan business, the loan business of small and micro enterprises is much lower, but its characteristics and advantages are also obvious. The first is the low loan cost of small and micro enterprises. Compared with other financing tools, bank loan is a low-cost financing method, and the interest rate of bank loan depends on the specific situation. Generally speaking, the interest rate of corporate loans is higher than the preferential interest rate of small business loans. The loan interest rate of enterprises with low credit rating may be higher than that of enterprises with high credit rating; The medium and long-term loan interest rate is higher than the short-term loan interest rate. On the whole, the bank loan interest rate still has a comparative advantage, but the bank handling process is more complicated; Second, the source of funds is stable. Both banks and Internet financial institutions such as P2P have sufficient financial support. Therefore, small enterprises can sign loan contracts as long as they pass the examination of banks or internet financial institutions. Of course, they need to meet the conditions for issuing loans and get loans after completing the above steps.
It should be noted that due to the different conditions of lending institutions, the fees charged for loans will be different. Therefore, small and micro enterprises need to consider their own conditions and make reasonable choices to minimize costs.
How do small and micro enterprises borrow money?
Question 1: How do small and micro enterprises carry out enterprise credit loans? They need a business license for more than 3 years, have real estate in the local area, and the annual running water exceeds 6.5438+0.2 million, so they can borrow up to 300,000 yuan.
Can be used as enterprise mortgage loan: the property under the legal person's name can be used as mortgage loan, with the maximum loanable property value of 140% and the business license of more than one year.
Personal mortgage loan can be made: private property under the name of an individual can be used as a mortgage loan, with a maximum loan of 70% of the total value of the property.
Question 2: How do small and micro enterprises apply for interest-free loans? What materials do they need?
1, age 18 to 45 years old, China citizen with full capacity for civil conduct;
2. Proof of fixed residence and business premises. The certificate of fixed residence can be the real estate license (or the real estate license of parents' names), and the certificate of business place should hold the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce and the business license of related industries, indicating that it is engaged in normal production and business activities.
3. Proof of funds. The loan applicant's investment project requires that he already has some self-owned funds. This is an important condition for banks to measure whether to lend, because the amount of venture loans generally does not exceed 70% of the total amount of funds needed by lenders for normal production and business activities and for purchasing (installing or repairing) small equipment and franchising.
4. Settlement account. The loan applicant must open a settlement account with the loan bank, and the operating income must be settled by the bank. Moreover, the purpose of the loan conforms to the provisions of relevant national laws and bank credit policies, and shall not be used for other speculative investment projects such as equity.
5. loan guarantee. Loan applicants need to provide certain guarantees, including real estate mortgage, certificate of deposit pledge, third-party guarantee, etc. In addition, they should also provide banks with some information about their credit status, repayment ability and loan investment as much as possible, which will increase the credibility of loans and help them get loans smoothly.
6, good reputation, no bad records;
7. The project conforms to the national industrial policy and regional economic development, and has good economic and social benefits. Entrepreneurs can consult the local labor department if they want to apply. At present, it has not been determined whether individuals pay interest first, then financial subsidies, or financial interest in advance, but the financial discount is certain.
Every bank has different conditions for interest-free loans, but the above items need to be met, and then there will be more procedures. Everyone must prepare all the information before lending money, so as not to waste time running back and forth.
Question 3: Does the loan for small and micro enterprises provide the required information? 1, application;
2. Company profile;
3. A copy of the company's business license;
4. Enterprise code certificate;
5. Tax registration certificate (national tax and local tax);
6, special industry production and business license, qualification certificate;
7. Articles of Association;
8. Capital verification report;
9. Brief introduction of the legal representative;
10, ID card of legal representative;
1 1. The identity certificate of the legal representative issued by the company;
12. The board of directors agreed to the loan resolution;
13, financial statements verified by accounting (auditing) firms in recent three years;
14. Balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement for the last three months;
15. Description of financial status: a) Description of liabilities; B) investment description; C) Description of sales revenue and profit sources of the enterprise; 16, loan card and password;
17. Description of providing loan guarantees for other enterprises;
18, repayment plan;
19, copies of ongoing and upcoming commercial contracts;
20, fund use plan or project feasibility report;
2 1. Materials required for collateral:
A) Proof of ownership of collateral (state-owned land use right certificate and house ownership certificate); B) collateral assessment report.
Question 4: How do banks define loans for small and micro enterprises? Minsheng, China Merchants Bank, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, Huaxia, Guangfa and other banks are all joint-stock banks that pay more attention to small and micro loans, but each bank has different definitions of small and micro enterprise finance. Minsheng Bank provides loans for small and micro enterprises ranging from 6,543,800 yuan to 5 million yuan, while Shanghai Pudong Development Bank implements a large retail model, which mainly includes personal consumption, personal business loans and small and micro loans below 5 million yuan. Huaxia Bank aims at personal business loans and micro-loans of less than 2 million yuan.
Question 5: Application conditions for corporate loans of small and micro enterprises As far as I know, corporate loans of small and micro enterprises are business loans for small enterprises, which are mainly used to meet the normal capital needs of enterprises in the process of production and operation. Then, can an enterprise legal person apply for an enterprise loan?
As far as I know, as long as it is a small enterprise with loan qualification approved and registered by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, it can apply to the bank.
First, the advantages of small and micro enterprise loans:
1. The loan amount is relatively high.
Small business companies have a high credit line, such as the highest amount of 20 million yuan stipulated by the Postal Savings Bank; The loan term shall not exceed five years at the longest; The loan interest rate shall fluctuate appropriately on the basis of the benchmark interest rate of commercial loans of the People's Bank of China.
2. Diversified loan methods for small enterprises.
Corporate loans for small enterprises can be secured by real estate mortgage, chattel pledge, guarantee and other means, or they can be used in combination.
Two, small and micro enterprise legal person loan application conditions
1. Customer group: legal representative of a limited company or sole proprietorship enterprise aged 24-65, established for more than 6 months, with complete three certificates;
2. Income requirements: the monthly income is more than 30,000, and it is necessary to provide personal or company running water in the past six months;
3. Credit conditions: no bad record of malicious breach of contract;
4. Other conditions: local real estate.
5. Other restrictions: high-risk industries such as entertainment and steel trade are not allowed to enter;
Three, small and micro enterprise legal person loan application materials:
1. Basic materials: such as the business license (original and copy) that has passed the annual inspection;
2. Information of business owners and related personnel: such as valid identity documents of the legal representative and spouse;
3, business information materials, such as financial statements, bank account flow, etc. ;
4. Mortgage materials, such as the ownership certificate of the property to be mortgaged/pledged;
5. Other materials required for handling loans.
Question 6: How to apply for loans for small and micro enterprises? What qualifications do you need? Small and micro enterprise loan
The materials to be prepared are:
Business license, code certificate of technical supervision bureau and tax registration certificate;
2. Account opening license and loan card;
Three, a copy of the identity card of the legal representative of the enterprise, and the resumes of the major shareholders and senior managers of the legal representative of the enterprise;
4. Articles of association, capital verification report, relevant investment agreement, joint venture agreement or partnership contract or shareholders' agreement of the non-wholly-owned enterprise;
5. Details of settlement accounts in the past year;
6. Financial statements for the last three years;
7. Contracts and vouchers related to financing.
Five steps in the process of scouring financial loans: applying for loans online; Staff telephone confirmation; Consultant evaluation; Send it to the bank; Bank loan.
Question 7: How do small and micro enterprises handle ICBC loans? What information do small and micro enterprises need to prepare if they want to apply for ICBC loans? The details are as follows: 1. Business license, code certificate of technical supervision bureau and tax registration certificate; The second is the account opening license and loan card; The third is a copy of the ID card of the legal representative of the enterprise, and the resumes of the major shareholders and senior managers of the legal representative of the enterprise; 4. Articles of Association, capital verification report, investment agreement, joint venture agreement or partnership contract or shareholders' agreement of a wholly-owned enterprise; Fifth, the details of settlement accounts in the past year; Sixth, the financial statements of the past three years; Seventh, contracts and vouchers related to financing. Of course, the specific provisions shall be subject to the provisions of ICBC!
Question 8: How do small and micro enterprises apply for interest-free loans? For them, the biggest problem is the difficulty of financing. Due to the small scale and large quantity, the existence of small and micro enterprises can be ignored in this economic wave, and banks may even ignore them because they have better customers waiting for them. So how do small and micro enterprises apply for loans from banks? What are the specific steps? Preparation materials: conditions (data) for small and micro enterprises to apply for loans 1, enterprise's own business scale, financial payment analysis and trend prediction 2, cooperation needs, plans and suggestions 3, product situation, market situation, enterprise development scale, level of the same industry 4, enterprise loan card (photocopy) 5, enterprise legal person business license (annual inspection), enterprise legal person qualification certificate, enterprise organization code certificate, etc. Business cooperation and internal financing of enterprises in commercial banks. 8 copies of the financial audit report and the latest financial statement of the enterprise for three consecutive years (with financial stamp). Articles of association, signatures and power of attorney of the legal person and the authorized person. Basic information materials such as enterprise introduction and related background materials 10, articles of association, and list of board members. Specific steps: 1. Application, basic information, auxiliary information, necessary information for business operation A, credit application, resolution of the board of directors of the enterprise (as required by the articles of association); B. The specific purpose of the loan and the direction of the use of funds (the plan and total amount of funds used); C. Analysis of repayment sources (plans and measures) and monthly cash flow analysis of repayment fund arrangement; Mortgage situation, other relevant legal documents, letters, etc. The second is to make a comprehensive judgment on the feasibility analysis of credit evaluation for project approval. Pre-loan review. The contracting bank shall sign a loan contract with the lender if it considers that all the loan applications meet the requirements after examination and agrees to the loan. Four. After signing the Loan Issuance Contract, both parties shall verify the loan according to the contract. The financing party can go through the withdrawal procedures according to the contract: when withdrawing money, the financing party fills in the withdrawal voucher uniformly formulated by the bank, and then goes through the withdrawal procedures at the bank. Here, I also want to remind: when small and micro enterprises interact with banks, banks should be absolutely assured of the safety of loans.
Question 9: What is the bank's definition of small and micro enterprise loans? Enterprise loan conditions:
1. An enterprise must be approved by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce to be established, registered and hold a business license.
2 the implementation of independent economic accounting, independent operation of enterprises, self financing. That is, the right of enterprises to engage in production and business activities independently; Have an independent experience
Working capital, independent financial plans and financial statements; Independent accounting of profits and losses, signing foreign purchase and sale contracts.
3. Have certain self-owned funds. If an enterprise does not have a certain amount of its own funds, once it loses money, it will inevitably crisis bank loans. This is a letter.
The loan funds suffered losses.
4. Abide by the policies and regulations and the bank credit settlement management system, and open basic account and general deposit accounts in banks as required.
5. Profit from production and operation. The products produced and operated by enterprises must be marketable and short-term products that can bring benefits to society and enterprises.
Bring benefits and improve the utilization rate of credit funds.
6. Keep your credit. After the enterprise obtains the loan, it must also strictly fulfill the obligations stipulated in the contract.
7. An enterprise applying for a loan shall meet the following conditions at the same time: the original interest payable and the due loan have all been paid off, and the outstanding loan has been recognized by the lender.
Feasible repayment plan; The borrower has gone through the annual inspection formalities in the industrial and commercial department; Except as stipulated by the State Council, limited liability companies and shares are limited.
The accumulated foreign equity investment of the company shall not exceed 50% of its total net assets; The borrower's asset-liability ratio meets the loan requirements; expand
The ratio between the owner's equity of an enterprise as a legal person and the total investment required for new projects applying for medium and long-term loans is not less than the investment projects stipulated by the state.
Capital ratio.
Question 10: Why is it difficult for small and micro enterprises to borrow money from banks? Services are big loans, small disdain. Now private lending is very convenient, but the cost is slightly higher.