Stage lighting science and technology paper-stage lighting analysis
Abstract: The concept of light is well known. In the modern performance stage, the use of light is a very important and indispensable element. The ever-changing stage lighting shows his charm. Only with the help of lighting can the stage effect have visual appeal and impact. This paper makes a unique analysis on how to design and use stage lighting to achieve the expected effect.
[Keywords:] stage lighting lighting effects lighting modeling
In modern stage performance, the rational design and application of light make the whole plot distinct and full of vitality, aura and vitality. Stage lighting is to properly use the combination of lighting according to the needs of the plot within the stage of the actors' activities to create a vivid and soul-filled space, so that the audience can show all the meanings of the drama and obtain satisfactory visual artistic effects. To achieve this visual effect, the intensity, color, distribution area and movement of the light will play a very important role.
First, the light intensity
At first, the core function of stage lighting was lighting. With the rapid development of stage art and the continuous progress of modern lighting technology, the function and technology of modern stage lighting are becoming more and more perfect, and it has become an indispensable part of modern stage art.
Stage lighting brings colorful visual effects to the audience. The intensity of light and the reasonable change of color make the audience have an association and suggestion according to the plot. With the change of the plot, the stage lighting will also change, which will make the audience have corresponding mood and emotional changes and bring more emotional experience to the audience.
The intensity of stage lighting in the audience's vision is called light intensity. Light intensity plays a decisive role in the lighting of stage performance, and it also has an important modeling function. It also plays an important role in the change of stage plot and plays a guiding role in the modeling of characters and scenery.
In the design and application of stage lighting, the different light intensity has an impact on the psychology and mood of the audience. Bright lights give the audience a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere, while dim lights give the audience a touch of sadness and bitterness. If all the lights go out, the whole stage will be dark and the audience will feel nervous and depressed. It can be said that there is light on the stage to show the shapes of characters and scenery in the performance. The brighter the light, the more prominent the image; As the light darkens, the image will also fade. The audience's appreciation habit must be to look at bright places with eyes and attention. Use the light intensity effect to guide and focus the audience's main line of sight; At the same time, the intensity and contrast of light can enhance the three-dimensional sense, space sense and far-reaching sense of the stage picture. The flexible design and application of lighting mainly depends on the light that the audience feels. The subjective effect is more related to the audience.
Second, the lighting color
In the design and application of stage lighting, factors such as light source, light intensity and light color are comprehensively considered to give the audience a sense of picture and time and space, so as to better realize the stage drying and dyeing effect. The color of the lighting gives the audience the most intuitive emotional impression, and the audience perceives the psychological mood from the change of the color of the stage lighting. Although lighting and color are physical phenomena, they bring different emotional and psychological reactions to the audience through the changes of lighting and color. In the design and application of stage lighting, the consideration of color elements will have a direct impact on the stage plot. Through the change of color, we can create different stage environment and scene mode, and provide atmosphere support for the performance of characters in the stage plot.
What do we call the color of the light on the stage? Light color? . Light color plays an important role in rendering plot, atmosphere and modeling elements expressing emotions, and it is one of the most complicated stage factors. Stage lighting is the main source of stage color, and the use of lighting color can render the emotional demands needed by different scenes. Warm colors can make the audience feel milder emotions, while dark colors will make the audience feel depressed. Therefore, the reasonable design and application of lighting color is extremely important for the stage plot, characters and scenery. Through the change of lighting color, the stage atmosphere required by different plots is created, which brings an emotional buzz to the audience and makes the plot perfectly displayed.
In the process of stage plot deduction, color can trigger the audience's rich association and aesthetic experience. For example, red can remind people of fire, blood, the sun, war and so on. It can also reflect a warm, festive and warm atmosphere, and it can also make people feel terror, death and pain. However, people with different cultural backgrounds and national habits associate different colors and aesthetic experiences, so lighting colors should be used flexibly. In the process of designing stage lighting, we can use light color to express color effect. You can also use light-colored symbols or meanings to set off the atmosphere and render the plot, which can show the emotional changes of the characters and set off the performance atmosphere well. When designing the lighting color of the stage scene, we should first design the overall layout, and then design the main theme of the created color effect. In the process of using colored light in the performance area, colored light should be concise and bright, showing its main characteristics. In addition, it is necessary to use color lighting to grasp its artistic effect, ensure a clear theme and more vividly express the subject of the plot, so as to set off the plot well and highlight the performance of the characters. In addition, we must grasp the tone of the whole drama and change the main theme between scenes, which can also form the ups and downs of the whole drama.
Third, the use of lighting.
In the use of lighting, how to give full play to the influence of the contrast of light intensity and color on the overall effect of the stage and the whole plot is a problem we need to think about.
In lighting design, according to the needs of the plot, we must first determine the main color of the light, and then determine what color to use as the auxiliary color. In other words, it is necessary to ensure that the light intensity and lighting of each scene have obvious color and atmosphere tendency, and also have outstanding themes in the color effect formed in the overall design and application. In the lighting design of the performance area, the most important thing should be concise and distinctive, with outstanding characteristics. In the use of light and color, we should control the artistic effect of the stage plot and make the theme of color distinct, so that the plot can be more distinctive.
In the design and application of modern stage lighting, we should pay attention to the use of contrast to create a unique stage atmosphere, so that the effect of stage color is more lively. In specific design, the most commonly used contrast techniques are: 1. Contrast between light and shade; The second is the contrast of different tones; The third is the contrast between cold and warm light and so on. Using these techniques can effectively improve the color effect of stage lighting.
In order to better highlight the theme and other elements of the stage plot, in the use of light color, in addition to the use of contrast techniques, there must be color changes to contrast the plot and the characteristics of people and scenery. In the lighting design, we should consider the use of the overall tone from the perspective of the whole plot development. Adjust the ups and downs of the plot light color according to the change of the main theme, so that the whole plot is more colorful.
In the design and application of stage lighting, we should fully consider the color and size of the overall picture, so that the audience can enjoy a visual aesthetic feeling when watching the plot. In order to achieve this satisfactory effect, in the design and application of lighting, every scene should be integrated into the design, so that the choice of light color and the change of light intensity can better serve people and scenery, so that the lighting design will have more visual and expressive effects.
In the design of stage lighting, the use of light color and light intensity should also take into account the overall style of stage and plot. We should consider the design of light color and light intensity according to the development of the plot, and achieve the required effect by using different light color and light intensity according to different scenes, character modeling and other factors. In addition, more modern scientific and technological elements can be incorporated into the design to meet the growing artistic pursuit of the audience. Fourth, the lighting effect
The most important role of stage lighting is to create a plot atmosphere, reflect the tension of dance beauty, shape the characters on the stage, highlight the theme of the plot, and reflect artistic fashion. In the development of stage plot, through the constant change of lighting effect, the combination of lighting colors and the change of light and shade, scene effects such as sunrise, sunset, lake light flashing, night light and shadow, thunderstorm and lightning can be formed.
In order to make the stage lighting achieve the ideal effect required by the plot, we should make full use of light intensity, light collection and light color in the design to create a real stage performance atmosphere for the audience. In combination with the needs of the plot, the light color is constantly changed, aiming at bringing unforgettable emotional ups and downs to the audience's psychology and enhancing the artistic appeal of the work.
In the design of stage lighting, the most effective use of lighting should be light color, which can achieve the ideal stage artistic effect.
First of all, light and color can form a finished picture. Light and color are spiritual, which can draw and broaden the visual dimension of the audience and create a sense of visual three-dimensional space. The element of light color shows that color has a certain degree of spatial freedom. Light and color can carve and decorate the stage plot from multiple dimensions, showing a certain degree of space, integrity and unity.
Secondly, the application effect of light and color can effectively activate the stage space, so that the audience can feel a level change of time and space in a limited time and space, so that the audience can associate with the change of color and feel the change of plot. Flexible and diverse color changes can bring different visual impacts to the audience and make the plot on the stage full of layers.
Thirdly, the application effect of light color can better describe the psychological state of the characters in the plot, adjust the plot atmosphere, highlight the stage theme, and the changeable color application skills make the stage plot present different visual and emotional effects. In the design and application of lighting, we can comprehensively consider the needs of plot characters and scene changes, and design a reasonable light color contrast scheme, so that the audience can experience the changes of stage characters and emotional colors in the use of light color and enjoy the charm brought by light color to the stage plot.
label
In modern stage performances, lighting has a far-reaching influence on the shaping of plots, characters and scenery. Lighting is the soul and an important part of stage art. In stage art, the design and application of stage lighting can change the concept of time and space of the plot and shape the characters and psychological expectations needed by the plot. (Editor: Tan)
References:
[1] Jia. On the Art of Stage Lighting Design [J]. Wind of Science and Technology, 20 13 (13): 37
[2] Dong Qinghua. On the application of lighting color in stage lighting design [J]. Human resources and social sciences, 20 14 (6): 286
[3] Emily Liu. Color control of stage lighting design [J]. Theatre House, 20 15 (5): 47
[4] Zhou Jianhua. Application of lighting and color in stage lighting design [J]. Art and Technology, 20 15 (2): 70
The second part of the stage lighting technology analysis.
This paper introduces the development and composition of stage lighting, the structure of stage lighting control system, the position and function of equipment installation, and expounds the relevant technical knowledge in power distribution, control and engineering design of stage lighting.
Keywords: stage lighting, control system, communication module
Since the appearance of the stage, stage lighting has become a part of the stage. Stage lighting pays attention to four elements: vision, realism, aesthetics and expression. Has evolved for many years. Gradually developed into a more perfect and advanced lighting system today. The first prosperous period of drama appeared in ancient Greece more than two thousand years ago. The theaters at that time were all open-air or semi-open-air. The lighting of the stage depends on the huge sky? Lights? The sun, so it can only be done during the day. However, the need for rest and entertainment at night, the vulnerability of outdoor performances to the weather and the development of drama have made stage lighting a problem that people must solve.
Proper treatment of stage lighting is a sign of successful design of theater lighting. Stage lighting should not only illuminate the actors, let the audience see the facial expressions, demeanor and movements clearly, but more importantly, make full use of lighting technology, mobilize lighting operations and other means to enhance the artistic effect and let the audience feel immersive. The installation position, function and lamp configuration of stage lights are mainly divided into two types according to their use functions: dimmable dimming circuits; Non-adjustable optical direct amplifier circuit. Stage lighting methods are generally divided into three types:
A. General lighting. Refers to the ceiling lamp and the hanging lamp ring that extends the stage as part of the ceiling lamp, as well as the lighting on the grape trellis and overpass.
B. accent lighting. Finger lamp, palm lamp, column lamp, side lamp, foot lamp, streamer lamp, extended stage low-angle surface lamp, inner (outer) side lamp, turntable streamer lamp, and low-voltage socket for connecting music lamp set in orchestra pit.
C. decorative lighting. It refers to sky lighting, ground lighting, laser effector, spotlight, mobile music fountain and various computer lights used on the stage.
Stage lighting is so important that the above description is relatively simple. Let's analyze it from a technical point of view:
The structure of stage lighting control system can be roughly divided into three modules; Man-machine interface module, main control module and bottom control module. These three modules communicate with each other through RS485 bus and transmit data at a fixed baud rate.
The function of the man-machine interface module is mainly to receive the control instructions of the controller, which can generally be realized through a simple industrial control panel. After receiving the instruction, the module does not translate the instruction, but directly transmits the key information to the main controller module through RS485 bus.
The main controller is the core part of the whole lighting control system, which is responsible for connecting the upper control interface and the lower hardware control module. After receiving the key information sent by the control module, the master computer translates it into a binary control instruction; Then the upper computer composes a complete frame of data according to the received instructions and the addresses of related control modules, and transmits it to the downlink bus through RS485 bus, and each bottom control module obtains its own data according to address matching.
The bottom control module is a hardware device that directly controls the action of stage lighting. Because the number of stage lights is generally large, the number of control modules is generally between 10 ~ 20. All control modules are linked to the same bus and programmed independently of each other. When the host computer sends data to the bus, all control modules receive the data information, and analyze their own instructions according to the address information contained in the frame structure and execute them.
The control module of the stage lighting control system mainly has two functions: one is to communicate with the main controller and receive instructions from the upper level. The second is to control the hardware circuit according to the instruction to control the lighting action. The following two modules are introduced respectively.
The following is the receiving communication module:
① communication mode selection
Because the control signal is relatively simple, serial communication is adopted here. This method is easy to use, with low requirements for peripheral equipment, and the semi/full dual-function mode can be freely selected. The most important thing in asynchronous mode is the setting of baud rate. Too high, it will increase the burden of single chip microcomputer, or even impossible; Too low will affect the response speed of the whole operation.
② Selection of transmission standard
At present, there are many transmission standards, but each has its advantages and disadvantages. Because the studio uses a lighting system, there will be a lot of interference from various audio appliances, so the transmission mode chosen should be strong in anti-interference. Therefore, when the communication distance is tens of meters to thousands of meters, it is ideal to choose RS485 bus for transmission. 485 bus uses two transmission lines and adopts balanced transmission and differential reception, so it has the ability to suppress * * * mode interference. In addition, the receiver has high sensitivity and can detect the voltage as low as 200mV, so it can greatly enhance the anti-interference ability in the transmission process, and the transmitted signal can be recovered from thousands of meters away.
RS485 bus is easy to use, and a pair of twisted pairs can be used to realize multi-station networking and form a distributed system. Because of its simple equipment, low price and long communication distance, it has been widely used in engineering projects.
③ Selection and use of transceiver
The 485 level is transmitted on the 485 bus, while the single chip microcomputer and the main control microcomputer can only recognize the TTL level. Therefore, there must be a special chip to design the conversion circuit between them, which is the transceiver. There are many kinds of transceivers, and different levels can be switched as needed. Here, only 485-TTL level switching is needed. Use Compare-g. M ax48x series and Max 148x series with isolation. In application, in order to reduce the interference between communication circuit and other circuits, isolation stage is necessary. Although you can directly use the high-grade 485 transceiver with isolation stage, considering the price, it is better to design your own isolation circuit. Here, photoelectric coupling devices and independent power supply are used to realize isolation. When using M ax483, pay attention to the control of the enabling terminal. The transceiver is in the receiving state only when /RE =0, and it is portable, thus avoiding unnecessary repetitive work. The module function management layer, hardware driver and basic function interface layer in Figure 2 belong to Opentv middleware. The module function management layer is about the functions of audio, video and channel operation management and control. In order to facilitate the writing of user applications, it is written according to certain middleware function interface standards. Driver and basic function interface layer is the bottom part of OpenTV middleware. The software programming of this layer should be changed according to the specific hardware drivers, so as to provide a unified driver interface function for the module function management layer.
③ Operating system and hardware driver layer
The operating system used in this system is the hardware driver layer of pSOS, which mainly provides corresponding drivers for each hardware module. The main drivers include: kernel module, which is mainly responsible for providing operations on processes, such as the creation and deletion of processes; Interface module, including I C interface operation control, RS-232 serial communication, smart card control, etc. Audio module; Video module; OSD module; Demultiplexing module; Decoding module; Flash memory drive module; Tuner driver module.
The last step is the debugging of the set-top box system: the software of this system is compiled on the basis of pSOS compiler. The whole test block diagram is shown in Figure 3. The system uses the TS code stream generator as the debugging TS source of the set-top box. The TS stream is modulated onto the channel by QAM modulator, and the QAM signal is sent to the front end of the set-top box for QAM demodulation, and then sent to the system board for source decoding. The TS stream can also be sent directly through the interface in the system board to debug the source decoding separately. The test of system PC is carried out on PC+WINDOWS2000 platform. The system running software runs in the real-time operating system environment of pSOS. The compiled executable file is loaded from the serial port to the RAM on the hardware platform through the emulation rom, and then the system will read and execute the program from the fixed address in the RAM. Because this hardware platform does not provide a network port, the online debugging function of pSOS cannot be realized, and debugging information can only be obtained through the output information in the process of program execution.
In this way, the serial port on the hardware is connected with the serial port of the pc, and the debugging information when the program is running can be displayed on the screen of the pc, so that the programmer can get the needed debugging information.
[conclusion]
Nowadays, the control of lighting system has developed from manual operation to computer control. It also puts forward realistic requirements for dancers to improve their computer level. I believe that with the continuous improvement of lighting system and the improvement of dancers' quality, our stage will be more contemporary. More attractive and exciting.
References:
[1] Li Haidong Building Electrical Science and Technology Press, 2002.
[2], Dean Liu, Yao Han, Stage Lighting, Machinery Industry Press, 2004.
[3] Dou Weiping, Ma Yingjun, Color in Visual Design, Southeast University Press, 200 1
[4] Zhang Wenjie Television Lighting Science and Technology Press, 2005.