Literary genres include ancient stylistic common sense and modern stylistic common sense.
Ancient prose: Ancient prose can be roughly divided into verse, parallel prose and prose, including historical biography.
Rhyme is a rhyming style, including poems, words, poems and inscriptions. Prose, including historical biographies, argumentative essays, essays, practical essays, etc. Parallel prose is a style between poetry and prose. Let's focus on it.
1, ancient poetry, modern poetry
People in the Tang Dynasty called metrical poems and quatrains popular in the Tang Dynasty modern poems, while poems with loose metrical and free form before the Tang Dynasty were called ancient poems. Now metrical poems and quatrains are generally called modern poems, while others are collectively called ancient poems. There are four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words in ancient poetry. The Book of Songs and Yuefu are also ancient poems. Modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems and quatrains, and there are also five words and seven words. There are eight sentences in Rhyme * * *, which are divided into four parts: one or two sentences are head couplet, three or four sentences are parallel couplet, five or six sentences are neck couplet, seven or eight sentences are tail couplet, and even sentences are flat couplet. Pay attention to the antithesis of the upper and lower sentences in the middle two couplets. The metrical requirements of quatrains are generally the same as those of metrical poems, but the antithesis requirements of the upper and lower sentences are not very strict.
2. Ci, Fu and Parallel Prose
Ci is Chu Ci, which belongs to poetry. Long and short sentences, uneven sentence patterns, free form, commonly used the word "Xi", mainly lyrical, with a strong romantic color, represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao.
Fu, which originated in the late Warring States period, is a style between poetry and prose. Generally speaking, its rhyme is neat and prose sentences are mixed. The representative figure is Sima Xiangru.
Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties and was formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The whole article is basically composed of antithetical sentences, paying attention to the use of allusions and flowery rhetoric. Because four sentences and six sentences are often used, it is also called "four-six-character prose", which is also a style between poetry and prose. "Zhu Shu" and "Epang Palace Fu" studied in senior high school are such styles.
3. Words and songs
Ci originated in the Southern Dynasties, formed in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty. It is the development of poetry, so it is called "poetry surplus". It has various aphorisms, and each aphorism has its own fixed format, including the number of words and sentences, as well as the rhyme of flat and even words. Its sentence patterns vary in length, also known as long and short sentences. According to the number of words, it can be divided into long tones (above 9 1 word), middle tones (59 to 90 words) and short tones (below 58 words).
Qu was popular in the Yuan Dynasty, so it was called "Yuanqu", and it was also a poem with music. Including Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu is a oratorio, while Zaju is a performance. Sanqu can be divided into two categories: poetry and divertimento, in which poetry consists of one song and divertimento is also called divertimento, which consists of many songs. Zaju has a complete storyline, and its structure is four folds (equivalent to four acts) plus a wedge (prologue), which is composed of subject (action description of characters and stage effect) and object (dialogue and monologue, etc.). ) and lyrics, the roles are Dan (female role), Mei (male role), Jing (painted face), Wai (old man) and Ugly. There are qupai in the song, which stipulates the fixed format of its word number, sentence number, level tone and rhyme. Gongdiao indicates the volume of the tune.
4. Shi Wenchuan
It belongs to historical prose, including chronological style (such as Zuo Zhuan and Zi Tongzhi Jian), national style (such as Guoyu and Warring States Policy), biographical style (such as Historical Records, Hanshu and Twenty-four History) and chronological style (such as Hanshu and Houhanshu).
5. About the text
Ancient argumentative essays developed from the quotations of various schools, and formed several kinds in the process of development: "on" discussing things; "Say" and apply for the truth.
6. Miscellaneous notes
Travel notes including places of interest and scenery. Miscellaneous notes on painting and calligraphy, miscellaneous notes on personnel. Miscellaneous notes cover a wide range, and some topics have the word "Ji". Historical events, anecdotes, scientific materials, textual research and other articles are included.
7. Practical writing
Including recitation, epitaph, eulogy and gift order.
Modern style: Modern style mainly refers to novels, poems, essays, dramas, reportage, children's literature, folk literature and essays. In addition, there are practical essays, including narrative essays, expository essays, argumentative essays and practical essays.
1. The six elements of narrative refer to the time, place, person, cause, process and result of written events.
2. According to the needs, the narrative can use the first person (I, we), the second person (you, you) and the third person (he, they). Generally speaking, the first person and the third person are often used.
3. The central idea of narrative is to express the main views on life by writing people, notes, scenes and things. The central idea must be clear and concentrated.
4. Material is the flesh and blood of the article, which is used to express the central idea; The central idea is the soul of the article, which controls the material.
5. The main materials that can highlight the central idea should be written in detail; The secondary materials that play a certain role in expressing the central idea should be written in a general, concise and detailed way, which can make the article clear and focused.
6. The order of narration generally includes direct narration, flashback and insertion.
7. Clues refer to the context that runs through all the materials in the article.
8. Explanatory texts can be divided into explanatory texts and explanatory texts.
9. Explain that things must grasp the characteristics of things. The so-called "feature" is the main symbol that distinguishes this thing from other things. Grasping the characteristics also grasps the essence of things.
10, the order of explanation mainly includes chronological order, spatial order and logical order. There are mainly six logical sequences: from whole to part, from generalization to concreteness, from phenomenon to essence, from general to special, from main to secondary, from cause to result.
1 1. Common interpretation methods include definition, classification, number of columns, examples, comparisons, analogies, quotations, charts, etc.
12, in order to explain the characteristics and essence of the object more vividly, or make the article more vivid and interesting, you can describe and narrate it appropriately in the explanation.
13, the three elements of argumentative writing are argument, argument and argumentation. Argumentative writing is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing. An argumentative paper generally has only one central argument, and some argumentative papers also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument to supplement and prove the central argument.
14, the position of the central argument directly put forward in this paper is either at the beginning, in the middle or at the end, and some article titles are the central arguments.
15, the argument is the basis for the author to elaborate or demonstrate the argument. In order to make others agree with their own arguments, the author must take facts and reasons as the basis to prove its correctness.
16. Facts used for argumentation, including representative conclusive cases or historical facts and statistical data. Facts can be concrete or general.
17, used as an argument, should be tested by practice, including Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought's incisive theory, famous sayings and aphorisms of celebrities, recognized things, principles, laws and formulas of natural science, etc.
18, the relationship between argument and argument is the relationship between proof and proof.
19. The methods of demonstration include examples, quotations, comparisons and metaphors.
20. Argumentative essays have arguments and refutations.
2 1. The three elements of a novel refer to the characters, plot and environment.
22. Novel is a literary genre that focuses on portraying characters and reflects social life through complete stories and specific environmental descriptions.
23. There are various ways to portray characters in novels, such as portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, profile description through the reflection and attitude of other characters, etc.
24. The storyline of a novel has a beginning, a development, a climax and an ending, sometimes with a preface in front and an ending behind.
25. The description of environment in the novel includes the description of natural environment and the description of social environment. Environmental description is to explain the background, render the atmosphere, set off the characters and develop the plot service.
26. Novels are divided into novels, novellas and short stories according to their length. /kloc-short stories with less than 0/000 words are called mini-novels, also known as short stories and one-minute novels.
27. Depicting characters is the main means for novels to reflect social life. This novel expresses the character and theme of the characters through the plot. The characters in the novel are all based on real life and created through artistic processing. He is more concentrated, more complete and more representative than the real things in life.
28. According to the different emphasis and content of expression, prose is generally divided into narrative prose, lyric prose and rational prose.
29. Narrative prose is mainly about writing characters' notes, and the lines are full of feelings. The narrative essays we have studied include From Baicao Garden to San Tan Yin Yue, My Teacher, Mr. Fujino, Jujube Kernel, Back, Remembering My Mom, Recording a Spinning Wheel and Little Orange Lantern. Lyric prose mainly focuses on writing landscapes, focusing on expression.
30. The main features of poetry are concentration, refinement and musicality.
3 1, according to the expression, poetry can be divided into narrative poetry and lyric poetry; According to the form, it can be divided into metrical poems, free poems and folk songs. The narrative poems we studied include The Charcoal Man, Mulan Poem and Trencher.
32. Ci is an old-fashioned poem. Originally, it was a lyric created according to the rhythm of music. Later, it gradually separated from music and became a poetic style with a fixed format. The epigraph is the name of a tune, which is not necessarily related to the content of the word, such as "Qinyuanchun?" In Snow, "Qinyuanchun" is the inscription and "Snow" is the title.
33. Folk poetry is a new poem written in folk style. Folk songs are the oral creation of working people, and they are poems that are constantly processed in the process of oral circulation. Such as Song of Chile.
34. Prose poetry is a poem written in the form of prose, which has the characteristics of both prose and poetry. The prose poem we studied was Hai Yan written by Gorky.
35. Sanqu is a new poetic style prevailing in the Yuan Dynasty, which can be divided into two types: set poems and poems.