? Direct quotation refers to the original words, which must be quoted in quotation marks, and besides indicating the author and publication year, the specific page number should also be indicated, with a space between p and the number.

? If you mention the author you want to quote in the article, and it is a direct quotation, you need to indicate the publication year in brackets immediately after his surname, and then indicate the specific page number in brackets after quotation marks.

Second, indirect speech.

? Indirect speech explains the meaning of the original text in different ways, making it more concise and clear. Common methods include deleting secondary information; Use synonyms, antonyms and so on. Use comments; Change one's statement, such as changing the angle or order of the statement. Is to summarize the whole document into a few sentences, or even a sentence or two.

1, quoting the viewpoint of the whole document.

There are two ways to quote the whole document (that is, the whole book or the full text):

? One is that the author's surname does not appear in the text. If you don't quote, you don't need quotation marks. If the author to be cited is not mentioned in the article, the author and publication year should be indicated in brackets at the end of the citation.

? In another case, the author's surname appears in the same sentence in the text. According to APA's specifications, it is not necessary to repeat the author's surname in brackets, just indicate the year of publication, and immediately indicate it in brackets after his surname.

2. Cite the same document written by several authors?

3. Cite different authors with the same surname.

4. Reference group author

5. Cite documents without authors.

6. Quote ideas or words in letters and conversations.

7. Cite multiple documents of the same author?

8. Cite many documents from different authors at the same time.

9, citing indirect literature