First of all, mechanics:
1. 1638, Italian physicist Galileo used scientific reasoning to prove that heavy objects fall as fast as light objects in the dialogue between two new sciences. The experiment of two balls with different mass falling in the Leaning Tower of Pisa proved that his view was correct, and overturned the view of Aristotle, an ancient Greek scholar (that is, it is wrong for a ball with large mass to fall fast).
2. 1654, a sensational experiment-the hemispheric experiment in Madeborg, Germany.
3. 1687, British scientist Newton put forward three laws of motion in the book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (i.e.
Newton's three laws of motion).
4./kloc-in the 0/7th century, Galileo pointed out through an ideal experiment that an object moving on a horizontal plane would always move at this speed if there was no friction. It is concluded that force is the reason to change the motion of an object, which overturns Aristotle's view that force is the reason to maintain the motion of an object. Descartes, a contemporary French physicist, further pointed out that if there is no other reason, the moving object will continue to move in a straight line at the same speed, neither stopping nor deviating from the original direction.
5. British physicist Hooke's contribution to physics: Hooke's law. Classic title: Hooke thinks that only under certain conditions, the elasticity of the spring is directly proportional to the deformation of the spring (right)
6. 1638, Galileo studied projectile motion in detail with the method of observation-hypothesis-mathematical reasoning in his book Dialogue between Two New Sciences.
According to daily observation and experience, people put forward "geocentric theory", and Ptolemy, an ancient Greek scientist, was the representative. The Polish astronomer Copernicus put forward "Heliocentrism" and boldly refuted the geocentric theory.
8./kloc-In the 7th century, German astronomer Kepler put forward Kepler's three laws.
9. Newton officially published the law of universal gravitation in 1687. 1798, British physicist Cavendish accurately measured the gravitational constant by using the torsion balance experimental device.
10. 1846, Adams, a student of Cambridge University in England, and Le Verrier, a French astronomer, applied the law of universal gravitation to calculate and observe Neptune. 1930, American astronomer Tang Bao discovered Pluto with the same calculation method.
1 1. The rocket invented by China in the Song Dynasty is the originator of modern rockets, and its principle is the same as that of modern rockets. However, the structure of modern rockets is complex, and the maximum speed that can be achieved mainly depends on the jet speed and mass ratio (the mass ratio when the rocket starts flying and the mass ratio when the fuel burns out). Russian scientist tsiolkovsky is known as the father of modern rockets. He first put forward the concepts of multistage rocket and inertial navigation. Multi-stage rockets are generally three-stage rockets, and China has become the third country to master manned space technology.
12. 1957 In June, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth satellite. 1 961April, the world's first manned spacecraft "Dongfang1"sent yuri gagarin into space for the first time.
Quantum mechanics and Einstein's special theory of relativity established at the beginning of the 20th century show that classical mechanics is not suitable for microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects.
Second, electromagnetism:
13. 1785, the French physicist Coulomb discovered the law of interaction between charges-Coulomb's law by using the torsion balance experiment, and measured the value of electrostatic constant K.
14. 1752, Franklin verified that lightning is a form of discharge through kite experiments in Philadelphia, unified the electricity between heaven and earth, and invented the lightning rod.
15. 1837, the British physicist Faraday first introduced the concept of electric field and proposed to use electric field lines to represent electric fields.
16. 19 13 years, American physicist Millikan accurately measured the charge of simple charge e through oil drop experiment and won the nobel prize.
17. 1826 german physicist ohm (1787 ~ 1854) got ohm's law through experiments.
In18.1911,the Dutch scientist Anis (or Annas) found that when the temperature of most metals drops to a certain value, the resistance will suddenly drop to zero-superconducting phenomenon.
19. 19 th century, Joule and Lengci independently discovered the law of thermal effect when current passes through a conductor, that is, Joule-Lenz law.
20. 1820, Danish physicist Oster found that electric current can deflect small magnetic needles around, which is called current magnetic effect.
2 1. French physicist Ampere found that two parallel wires with the same current attract each other and wires with opposite currents repel each other, and put forward the hypothesis of ampere molecular current. The ampere rule (right-handed spiral rule) is summarized to judge the relationship between current and magnetic field, and the left-handed rule is summarized to judge the direction of magnetic field force on live wire in magnetic field.
22. The Dutch physicist Lorenz proposed that the moving charge produces a magnetic field, and the magnetic field acts on the moving charge (Lorenz
Force) view.
23. British physicist Tang Musun discovered electrons and pointed out that cathode rays are electron streams moving at high speed.
24. The mass spectrometer designed by Tom Musun's student Aston can be used to measure the mass of charged particles and analyze isotopes.
25. 1932, American physicist Lorenz invented the cyclotron, which can produce a large number of high-energy particles in the laboratory.
Son. The maximum kinetic energy depends only on the magnetic field and the diameter of D-box. The cycle of the circular motion of charged particles is the same as that of the high frequency power supply.
However, when the kinetic energy of particles is large and the speed is close to the speed of light, according to the special theory of relativity, the mass of particles increases significantly with the speed, and the cyclotron period of particles in the magnetic field changes, so it is difficult to further increase the speed of particles.
26. 183 1 year, the British physicist Faraday discovered the condition and law of current generated by magnetic field-the law of electromagnetic induction.
27. 1834, Russian physicist Lengci published Lenz's law, which determines the direction of induced current.
28. 1835, American scientist Henry discovered the phenomenon of self-inductance (the phenomenon of induced electromotive force in the circuit itself due to the change of current). The working principle of fluorescent lamp is one of its applications, and the precision resistor made by double winding method is one of the applications to eliminate its influence.
Two. Take the exam: (elective courses 3-3, 3-4 and 3-5)
Third, heat (3-3 optional):
29. 1827, British botanist Brown found that pollen particles suspended in water kept irregular motion-Brownian motion.
30./kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, it was written by German doctor Meyer. British physicist Joel. German scholar Helmholtz finally determined the law of conservation of energy.
In 3 1. 1850, Clausius put forward the qualitative expression of the second law of thermodynamics: heat cannot be transferred from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object without other effects, which is the so-called Clausius expression. The following year, Kelvin put forward another expression: it is impossible to obtain heat from a single heat source and convert it into useful work without other effects. This expression is called Kelvin expression.
32. 1848, Kelvin put forward the thermodynamic temperature scale, pointing out that absolute zero (-273. 15℃) is the lower limit of temperature. The relationship between thermodynamic temperature scale and celsius temperature conversion is t = t+273.438+05 K.
The third law of thermodynamics: zero degree of thermodynamics is unattainable.
Four, wave theory, optics, relativity (3-4):
33./kloc-In the 0/7th century, the Dutch physicist Huygens determined the period formula of a simple pendulum. A simple pendulum with a period of 2s is called a double pendulum.
34. 1690, Huygens, a Dutch physicist, put forward the law of mechanical wave fluctuation-Huygens principle.
35. The Austrian physicist Doppler (1803 ~ 1853) first discovered the phenomenon that the observer feels the frequency change due to the relative motion between the wave source and the observer-Doppler effect (F increases as they approach each other. Away from each other, f decreases).
36. 1864, British physicist Maxwell published the paper "The Dynamics of Electromagnetic Fields", put forward the electromagnetic field theory, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, and pointed out that light is electromagnetic waves, which laid the foundation for the electromagnetic theory of light. Electromagnetic wave is a kind of shear wave.
37. 1887, German physicist Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments and determined that the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is equal to the speed of light.
38. 1894, Italian Marconi and Russian popov invented the wireless telegraph respectively, which opened a new chapter in radio communication.
39. 1800, the British physicist Herschel discovered infrared rays.
180 1 year, German physicist Ritter discovered ultraviolet rays.
1895, the German physicist Roentgen discovered X-rays (Roentgen rays) and took the world's first X-ray human body photo for his wife's hand.
40. 162 1 year, the Dutch mathematician Snell discovered the law between incident angle and refraction angle-the law of refraction.
In 4 1. 180 1 year, the British physicist Thomas Young successfully observed the phenomenon of light interference.
42. 18 18, French scientists Fresnel and Poisson calculated and experimentally observed the circular plate diffraction of light-Poisson bright spot.
43. 1864, British physicist Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and pointed out that light is electromagnetic waves.
1887, Hertz proved the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments. Light is an electromagnetic wave.
44. 1905, Einstein put forward the special theory of relativity, which has two basic principles:
(1) Principle of Relativity-All physical laws are the same in different inertial reference frames.
(2) The principle that the speed of light is constant-in different inertial reference systems, the speed of light in vacuum must be constant.
45. Einstein also put forward an important conclusion in the theory of relativity-the mass-energy equation E=mc2.
46. From 468 BC to 376 BC, Mo Zhai and his disciples recorded the straight-line propagation of light in the Mohist Scripture. The formation of shadows. Reflection of light. The imaging phenomenon of plane mirror and spherical mirror is the earliest optical work in the world.
47. 1849 French physicist Fizeau first measured the speed of light on the ground, and later many scientists adopted more sophisticated methods to measure the speed of light, such as Michelson's rotating prism method. (Pay attention to its measurement method)
48. Regarding the nature of light:17th century, two theories were clearly formed: one was the particle theory advocated by Newton, which believed that light was a kind of material particle emitted by a light source. The other is the wave theory put forward by Huygens, a Dutch physicist. He thinks that light is a wave propagating in space. Neither theory can explain all the light phenomena observed at that time.
49. Two dark clouds in the clear sky of physics:
(1) Michelson-Morey experimental relativity (high-speed moving world);
② Thermal radiation experiment-quantum theory (micro-world).
50.65438+At the turn of the 9th and 20th centuries, there were three major discoveries in physics: the discovery of X-rays, the discovery of electrons and the same radioactivity.
The discovery of morphemes.
5 1. 1905, Einstein put forward the special theory of relativity, which has two basic principles:
(1) Principle of Relativity-All physical laws are the same in different inertial reference frames.
(2) The principle that the speed of light is constant-in different inertial reference systems, the speed of light in vacuum must be constant.
52. 1900, the German physicist Planck explained the law of thermal radiation of objects and put forward the energy quantum hypothesis: when a substance emits or absorbs energy, the energy is not continuous, but a copy, and each copy is the smallest energy unit, that is, the energy quantum.
Laser is known as the "light of the century" in the 20th century.
Five, momentum, wave-particle duality, atomic physics (3-5):
54. 1900, the German physicist Planck proposed that the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves are not continuous, but one after another, bringing physics into the quantum world. Inspired by it, Einstein put forward the photon theory in 1905 and successfully explained the law of photoelectric effect, so he won the Nobel Prize in physics.
55. 1922, American physicist Compton confirmed the particle nature of light when he studied the Compton effect when electrons in graphite scatter X-rays (indicating that the law of conservation of momentum and the law of conservation of energy are applicable to microscopic particles at the same time).
56. In1913, Danish physicist Bohr put forward his own atomic structure hypothesis, which successfully explained and predicted the electromagnetic spectrum of hydrogen atoms, laying the foundation for the development of quantum mechanics.
57. 1924, French physicist de Broglie boldly predicted that physical particles would fluctuate under certain conditions.
58. 1927 Beauty. British and British physicists have obtained the diffraction patterns of electron beams on metal crystals. Compared with optical microscope, electron microscope is much less affected by diffraction phenomenon, which greatly improves the resolution, and proton microscope has higher resolution instinct.
59. 1858, German scientist Prica discovered a wonderful ray-cathode ray (high-speed electron flow).
60. 1906, British physicist Thomson discovered electrons and won the Nobel Prize in physics.
In 6 1. 19 13, American physicist Millikan accurately measured the charge of simple charge e through oil drop experiment and won the Nobel Prize.
62. 1897, Thomson discovered electrons with a cathode ray tube, indicating that atoms can be split and have complex internal structures, and put forward a jujube cake model of atoms.
63.1909 ~1911year, British physicist Rutherford and his assistant conducted the scattering experiment of alpha particles and put forward the nuclear structure model of atoms. According to the experimental results, it is estimated that the nuclear diameter is in the order of10m ~15m. In 19 19, Rutherford bombarded the nitrogen nucleus with α particles, which realized the artificial disintegration of the nucleus for the first time and discovered protons. It is predicted that there is another kind of particle in the nucleus, which was discovered by chadwick, a student, when the α particle bombarded the beryllium nucleus in 1932, from which people realized that the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons.
64. 1885, Balmer, a Swiss middle school math teacher, summarized the wavelength law of hydrogen atom spectrum-Balmer system.
65. 19 13, Danish physicist Bohr first got the expression of hydrogen atomic energy level.
66. 1896, French physicist becquerel discovered the phenomenon of natural radiation, indicating that there are complex junctions inside the nucleus.
Structure. Natural radiation phenomenon: there are two kinds of decay (α, β) and three kinds of rays (α, β, γ), among which γ ray is radiated when the new nucleus is in the excited state and jumps to the low energy level after decay. The decay rate has nothing to do with the physical and chemical state of atoms.
67. 1896 At the suggestion of becquerel, Marie Curie discovered two new elements with stronger Radioactivity-Polonium (po) radium (ra).
68. 19 19, Rutherford bombarded the nitrogen nucleus with alpha particles, which realized the artificial transformation of the nucleus for the first time, discovered protons, and predicted that there was another particle in the nucleus-neutrons.
69. 1932, chadwick, a Rutherford student, won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering neutrons when α particles bombarded beryllium nuclei.
70. 1934, when Mr. and Mrs. Joliot-Curie bombarded aluminum foil with alpha particles, positrons and artificial radioisotopes were discovered.
71.1939 65438+In February, when German physicist Hahn and his assistant Strassman bombarded the uranium nucleus with neutrons, the uranium nucleus split.
72. 1942 in Fermi. Under the leadership of szilard and others, the United States built the first fission reactor (consisting of enriched uranium rods, control rods, neutron moderator, cement protective layer, heat exchanger, etc.). ).
73. 1952, the United States exploded the world's first hydrogen bomb (fusion reaction, thermonuclear reaction). One possible way to artificially control nuclear fusion is to irradiate small nuclear fuel with high voltage generated by intense laser.
Positron was discovered in1932, and quark model was proposed in 1964.
Particles are divided into three categories:
Mediator-a particle that transmits various interactions, such as photons.
Lepton-a particle, such as an electron, that does not participate in strong interactions. Neutrino.
Hadron-particles that participate in strong interactions, such as baryons (protons, neutrons, hyperons) and mesons. Hadron is composed of more elementary particles quarks, and the charge of quarks may be meta-charge.