Lisi [pre-Qin]
When I heard officials talking about expelling guests, I thought it was too much. In the past, Miao Gong invited scholars, took honor in the west and ten thousand in the east to welcome Uncle Song Jian and support Jin Pibao and Gong Sun. These five sons were not produced by Qin, but used by Miao, who merged with China for 20 years and then dominated Xirong. Filial piety, using the method of Shang Yang, changes customs, makes the people rich, makes the country rich and strong, enjoys the people, and the princes serve them personally. They are the teachers of Chu and Wei, who have raised thousands of miles to govern the country so far. King Hui used Zhang Yi's stratagem to pull out the land of Sanchuan, merge Ba and Shu in the west, take the county in the north, take Hanzhong in the south, build nine cities, control Yan and Ying, rely on danger in the east, cut fertile soil, and then disperse the followers of the six countries. The west is a matter of Qin Dynasty, which has made great achievements so far. Wang Zhao became a fan, abolished Hou, chased Huayang, strengthened public office, encroached on vassals, and made Qin an emperor. These four monarchs all take the guests' contributions. From this point of view, why did the visiting team lose to Qin Zi! Make the four kings a guest, not a guest, and a scholar without using it, then the country is not rich and beneficial, and the Qin dynasty is nameless and strong.
Today, Your Majesty gave Kunshan jade, including the treasure of He Shen, the pearl of the bright moon, the sword of Tai 'a, the flag of Cuifeng and the drum of tree essence. This number of rare treasures, Qin is not born, tell your majesty, how can you see it? If Qin was born, that's fine, but the luminous jade doesn't adorn the imperial court, the rhinoceros elephant doesn't play well, and the daughter of Zheng Wei doesn't fill the harem. Handsome and plump is not really stable, and it's not used in Jiangnan, nor is it used by painters in western Sichuan. Therefore, those who decorate the harem, make up the old, entertain the heart and talk about the eyes and ears must come from Qin, but the hairpin of ten thousand columns, the ear of Fu Ji, the clothes, the splendid ornaments, and the elegant and graceful Miss Zhao do not stand on the side. The husband knocks on the urn, plays the guzheng, plays the moustache, and it is really Qin Zhisheng who sings fast; Those who write about Zheng, Wei, Sang Jian, Zhao, Yu, Wu and Xiang are all happy in a foreign country. Today, I won't knock on the urn, I'll take Zheng and Wei, I'll take Zhao and Yu, and I won't play Zheng. What if it is? I'm satisfied with the present, but I'm just comfortable with it. It's not like this to bring people today. Don't ask if you can, regardless of merits and demerits, those who are not in Qin go for the guests. However, those who value it care about colors, music and pearls, while those who value it care about people. This is not the art of crossing the sea to control princes.
It is said that the land is vast and there are many people, and there are many people in big countries. A strong soldier is brave. It's the mountain ether that won't let the soil, so it can become bigger. Rivers and seas do not choose trickle, so they can be deep; The king is not only popular, so he can understand his virtue. There is no good place in the old land, no foreign country for the people, beautiful seasons and blessings for ghosts and gods. The reason why these five emperors and three kings are invincible is also. Today, we abandon the leader of Guizhou to the enemy, and the guest is a vassal, which makes the people of the world retreat and dare not go west, and cannot be bound to Qin. This so-called "stealing food with soldiers" is also true. (Too left: Mount Tai)
Husband does not produce Qin, but there are many treasures; Scholars were not born in the Qin Dynasty, but were willing to be loyal to many people. Today, it is harmful to the people and the enemy to drive away the guests to the enemy, and it is not necessary to seek the country without danger.
translate
I heard that officials were discussing the dismissal of Ke Qingshi, but privately they thought it was wrong. Once upon a time, Qin Mugong looked for wise men, the West got Yu Yu from Xirong, and the East got Prissy from Wandi. He also welcomed Jian Shu of Song State and recruited Pi Bao and Gong Sunzhi of Jin State. None of these five sages were from Qin, but Qin Mugong attached great importance to them and annexed more than 20 countries, thus dominating Xirong. Qin Xiaogong adopted Shang Yang's new law, changing customs, making the people rich and the country prosperous. The people are willing to serve the country, and the princes attach it. They defeated the armies of Chu and Wei and occupied thousands of miles of land. So far, they have achieved political stability and strong national strength. King Hui of Qin adopted Zhang Yi's plan to capture Sanchuan area, annex Bashu to the west, take counties and counties to the north, take Hanzhong to the south, sweep all the ministries of Jiuyi, control the land of Yan State and Ying State, occupy the natural barrier in the east, and divide the fertile soil, thus disintegrating the vertical alliance of the six countries and making it serve Qin State in the west. The achievements established at the beginning have continued to this day. Got it, deposed Hou, expelled Hua Yangjun, strengthened and consolidated the power of the royal family, blocked the situation of monopoly of politics by powerful people, encroached on the territory of governors, and made Qin achieve the great cause of emperors. These four monarchs all owe their lives to Ke Qingshi. From this perspective, there is nothing wrong with Qin! If the four monarchs refuse to accept distant guests and alienate the wise men without being appointed, this will make the country have no rich strength and the Qin State have no strong reputation.
Today, your majesty sent the beautiful jade to Kunshan. There are pearls, jewels of Hoan, pearls decorated with bright moon, Tai 'an sword, a precious swift horse, a flag decorated with jade feathers and a good drum wrapped in the skin of giant salamander in the palace. None of these precious things were made by Qin, but your majesty likes them very much. Why? If it must be made in the state of Qin before it can be used, then this luminous Baoyu will never become the decoration of the imperial court; Articles carved with rhinoceros horn and ivory will not become your majesty's playthings; Women who can sing and dance well by Zheng and Wei will not fill your majesty's harem; Famous horses in the north will never enrich your stable; Suk Kim in the south of the Yangtze River will not be used by your majesty, and painters in western Sichuan will not be used as decorative pigments. If these things, which are used to decorate the harem, widely serve concubines, make people happy and pleasing to the eyes and ears, can only be used when they are planted and produced by the State of Qin, then the hairpins inlaid with precious stones, jade pendants hanging on the ears, silk clothes and gorgeous decorations will not be presented to your majesty; Those enchanting beauties who are leisurely and elegant and can do as the Romans do will not stand beside your majesty. Knock on the urn and hammer to play music, play the guzheng, clap your thighs to match the beat, and sing loudly to please your ears. This is the real Qin music. The songs between Zheng and Wei Sang and Wuxiang are foreign music. Now, your majesty has abandoned Qin's real fight against Tao Le. What he wants is not Qin Zheng, but Yu Shao. Why? Isn't it because foreign music can meet the needs of eyes and ears? But your majesty will not treat his servants like this. He didn't ask if he was free. Regardless of merits and demerits, anyone who is not Qin should leave and all guests should be expelled. Doing so shows that your majesty only values jade tune; What they despise is the people. This is not the way to control the world and subdue the princes!
It is said that soldiers with vast territory, large population, big country and large population are brave. Therefore, Taishan does not refuse the soil, so it can become high; Rivers, lakes and seas do not abandon the trickle, so it can achieve its profundity; People who are interested in building Wang Ye don't hate people, so they can show their virtues. The old land is divided into east, west, north and south, and the people are rich all year round, protected by the gods of heaven and earth. This is also the reason why the five emperors and three kings are unparalleled. Abandoning the people to help the enemy and refusing to serve the king made the wise men in the world retreat when they were in trouble, afraid to go west and prevented them from entering the state of Qin. This is called "borrowing weapons from the enemy and sending food to thieves".
The article is not produced in the state of Qin, but there are many precious ones; Many wise men were not born in Qin, but were willing to be loyal. Nowadays, it is impossible to seek a country without danger by helping the enemy, reducing people's wealth, creating emptiness at home and building resentment among princes abroad.
To annotate ...
Yu Yu: Also known as Yu Yu, all the courtiers are descendants of Jin people. Mu Gong had many people try to get him back to the State of Qin and treat him with courtesy. After entering the Qin Dynasty, it was reused by Qin Mugong, which helped Qin attack and destroy many small countries in Xirong and dominated Xirong. Rong, many people in the ancient Central Plains called the western minority tribes Rong. This refers to Xirong in the northwest of Qin Dynasty, and its range of activities is probably in the south of Shaanxi, the east of Gansu and the south of Ningxia.
Bai Xixi: I was originally a doctor in Yuzhou. Jin Wuyu was captured and sent to the State of Qin as a dowry slave of Lady Qin Mugong. He fled to Wan and was captured by the Chu people. Redeem five black sheepskins and use the doctor, so it is called "Doctor Wu". Is an important minister to help Qin Mugong seek hegemony. Wan (yuān), the city name of Chu State, is located in Nanyang City, Henan Province.
Ji Shu (Ji M 65333) Prissy said to Mu Gong, "I am not as virtuous as my friend Uncle Jian, and I am ignorant in the world." Song, the country's merchant, Yin, Zi, formerly known as Wei, the younger brother. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, after the Duke of Zhou put down the Wu Geng Rebellion, Wei Ziqi was the surrounding area of the old capital of Fengshang, which was located in Shangqiu (now south of Shangqiu County, Henan Province), and the border area of southeast Henan bordering on Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui. In the middle of the third century BC, ministers carved donkeys (that is, Sicheng) to kill Song Huanhou and Dai Daisong one by one. It was destroyed by Qi in 200 BC.
Come: say "beg". Pi Bao: the son of Pi Zheng, a doctor in the State of Jin. After Pi was killed by Jin, he went to the State of Qin and became a doctor. Gong, a native of Qin, traveled to Shaanxi and then returned to Qin to practice medicine. Jin's younger brother, whose capital was established in the Tang Dynasty (now in the west of Yicheng County, Shaanxi Province), is now in the southwest of Shaanxi Province. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Jiang moved the capital, also known as "Yi" (now southeast of Yicheng County, Shanxi Province), and successively attacked and destroyed neighboring small countries; Jin Wengong became the hegemon after Qi Huangong; Duke Jing of Jin moved his capital to Xintian (now west of houma city, Shanxi), also known as "Xinjiang", and merged with Xidi, extending his territory to most of Shanxi, southwestern Hebei, northern Henan and a corner of Shaanxi. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, public office declined and Liu Qing became strong. At the beginning of the Warring States, it was divided by the ruling Han, Zhao and Wei families. In BC, the last monarch, Jin Huangong, was abolished as Shu Ren and the country was destroyed.
Birth: birth, birth.
Twenty years after the merger with China, Xirong was conquered: Records of the Historian Qin Benji recorded that Qin Mugong "benefited the country for twelve years, opened Wan Li and conquered Xirong". The "twenty" here should be a rough number. Also, the attachment.
Filial piety: that is, Qin Xiaogong. Shang Yang: Gongsun, also known as Gongsun Yang, was originally the minister of Wei Xianggong's uncle CuO. After his death, his uncle and uncle moved into Qin and were taken seriously. He was appointed as Zuo Shuchang and Daliangzao, and was awarded the title of Shang (now southeast of Shang County, Shanxi Province) in 15 cities, so he said that .. BC and the year before last carried out two reforms, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Qin State. In 200 BC, Qin Xiaogong died and was dismembered by a car.
Yin Sheng: It means that the people are numerous and rich. Yin, a lot.
Wei: The name of this country is Bi Wan, a doctor of the State of Jin. In BC, he joined hands with Han and Zhao Liehou to carve up the State of Jin, and was made a vassal by King Zhou Weilie, with its capital in Anyi (now northwest of Xia County, Shanxi Province). Wei Wenhou appointed Li Kui to reform its internal affairs and become a powerful country. Liang moved the capital to the girder (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), also known as "Liang". After the country declined, it was destroyed by Qin in 200 BC. Defeating the division of Chu and Wei means defeating the army of Chu and Wei. In BC, Shang Yang designed to trap and kill Wei Jun's advocate Ang, defeated Wei Jun, and went to war with Chu in the same year. The situation is unknown. Therefore, Qin Jun won.
Hui Wang: Qin Hui Wang, son of Qin Xiaogong, reigned from 200 BC to the year before last. He became king in 200 BC. Zhang Yi, Ren Wei, Qin Huiwang and others served as ministers of Qin State for many times, advocating "Lian Heng", lobbying governors of various countries to work for Qin State, assisting Qin Huiwen to claim the title of king, and sealing arms to believe in you. Qin Wuwang acceded to the throne and entered Wei as the phase. Died in BC. Everything below this sentence is Zhang Yi's plan, because Zhang Yi used to be the prime minister and was in charge of the authority of the State of Qin, so everything below was planned by him.
Land of the Three Rivers Source: refers to the land of the Yellow River, Luoshui and Yishui, located in the Luoshui and Yishui basins south of the Yellow River in the northwest of Henan Province. King Xuan of Han Dynasty set up Sanchuan County here. In BC, Qin Wuwang sent troops to capture Yiyang in Sanchuan County (now west of Yiyang County, Henan Province). In BC, Qin destroyed the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, gained the whole county of Sanchuan in Han Dynasty, and restored Sanchuan County.
Ba: The name of the country is a sub-country created after the Shang Dynasty, called Baziguo, which is located in the east of Sichuan and the west of Hubei. In the middle of the Warring States period, Pakistan was established as its capital (now Chongqing Festival in Sichuan). In BC, King Hui of Qin sent Zhang Yi, Sima Cuo and others to attack Muba and set up Sheba County in his land. "Shu", the name of the country, participated in the meeting of the anti-business alliance, including today's west of Sichuan. In the mid-Warring States period, Chengdu (now Chengdu, Sichuan) was established as its capital. In BC, King Huiwen of Qin sent Zhang Yi, Sima Cuo and others to destroy Shu and set up Shu County in his land.
Shang Jun: County name, originally Chu, now Yulin, Shaanxi. Wei Wenhou was located at that time, and now it governs the areas east of Luohe, north of Huanglianghe, and northeast to Zichang County and Yan 'an City. In BC, Wei cut fifteen counties to Qin, and the whole county was given to Qin the year before last. In 200 BC, the State of Qin established a county here.
Hanzhong: County name, now Hanzhong, Shaanxi. Chu Huaiwang was located at that time, and governed the Hanshui River Basin in southeastern Shaanxi and northwestern Hubei. In 200 BC, it was captured by Andy, the general of Qin Dynasty, where the Qin Dynasty restored Hanzhong County.
Bao: It means being swallowed up here. Jiuyi: refers to the ethnic tribes in the northwest of Chu State and the border areas of Shaanxi, Hubei and Sichuan provinces.
Yan (yān): the capital of Chu State, located in the southeast of Yicheng County, Hubei Province. King Hui of Chu was here in the Spring and Autumn Period. Ying (yǐng): The capital of Chu, in the southwest of Jinan City, Jiangling City, Hubei Province. In BC, Qin generals took Yan in vain, and took Ying the following year.
Elevation: The name of a city, in today's Sishui Town, Xingyang County, Henan Province, is a famous military stronghold with dangerous terrain. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng was called Hulao Pass. In 200 BC, South Korea destroyed Zheng and was captured in 200 BC.
From six countries: the six-country alliance. The six countries refer to Korea, Wei, Yan, Zhao, Qi and Chu. From, through "vertical".
Stone (y): The spread continues.
Zhao Haoqi: Ji, the son of King Hui of Qin, was the half-brother of Qin, who reigned from 200 BC to the year before last. Fan Ju, the author of Fan Qi, was renamed Zhang Lu after he entered the Qin Dynasty. He was trusted by the King of Qin Zhao as the King of Qin. He abolished the exclusive right of his consorts to internal forces, adopted the strategy of making friends overseas and attacking near, and was sealed in Ying (now southwest of Baofeng County, Henan Province), also known as Ying Hou. He died in BC.
Rui (ráng) Hou: Chu, half-brother of Empress Xuan. After Qin Wuwang's death, he made Qin Zhao king and served as a general for many times. It was sealed in Rui (now Deng County, Henan Province), hence the name, and later sealed in Tao (now northwest of Dingtao County, Shandong Province). Zhao Haoqi, the king of Qin, listened to Fan Ju, was dismissed and died in Tao.
Huayang: namely, the mother of Huayang Junrong, the half-brother of Queen Xuan, was once a general and co-managed the state affairs. It was first sealed in Huayang (now the north of Xinzheng County, Henan Province), so it was named Hua Yangjun, and later it was sealed in Xincheng (now the southeast of Mixian County, Henan Province), so it was also called Xincheng Jun. In BC, Wei Rantong was dismissed from office and sent back to the fief.
Nibbling: Metaphorically, like a silkworm eating mulberry leaves, it gradually devours and nibbles.
Ambassador: If, if.
Ahmadinejad (through translator): Just like "accept", accept. Today, your majesty gave the jade of Kunshan: Today, your majesty got the treasure jade of Kunlun Mountain. Your Majesty, address yourself as the Emperor. Get, get and collect. Kunshan, Kunlun Mountain.
Easy-going treasures: the so-called "Pearl follows Hou" and "Jade follows He", the legendary night pearl in the Spring and Autumn Period and the beautiful jade from the border of Chu people.
Bright Moon: The name of the sphere.
Tai 'a (Yi): Also known as Tai 'a, the name of the sword is said to have been cast by Ou Yezi, a famous craftsman in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Fiber separation: the name of a good horse.
Jade Phoenix Flag: A flag decorated with jade phoenix feathers.
Tuó: Also known as the Chinese alligator, commonly known as the pig dragon, the skin can be kept away from light.
Say: "Yue", hi, love.
Rhinoceros device: refers to a device made of rhinoceros horn and ivory.
Zheng: Country name, Ji surname, formerly known as brother and friend, was enfeoffed in Zheng (now east of hua county, Shaanxi) in 500 BC. Xinzheng (now Xinzheng County, Henan Province), the capital of the Spring and Autumn Period, was located in the middle of Henan Province and was destroyed by South Korea in A.D.. Wei, country name, Ji surname, formerly known as his younger brother Kang Shu, was originally named Song (now Qixian County, Henan Province), and later moved to Chuqiu (now hua county County, Henan Province) and Diqiu (now Puyang County, Henan Province), in northern Henan and western Shandong. It was destroyed by Wei in 200 BC. The daughters of Zheng and Wei, both of whom were dead at this time, should be referred to as the daughters of their hometowns. The harem, the palace where concubines live, can also be synonymous with concubines.
Jué tí: The name of a good horse. The outer stable (Kyrgyzstan) is a horse pen outside the palace.
Jiangnan: The area south of the Yangtze River. This refers to the land of Chu in the south of the Yangtze River, which is famous for producing gold and tin.
Danqing in western Sichuan: Sichuan is famous for producing Danqing ore. Dan and cinnabar can be made into red pigments. Green, green pheasant, can be made into cyan black pigment Pick: pass on "color", color, and refer to colored ornaments in the sentence.
Chen Chongxia: This generally refers to buying property and beautiful women to enter the national treasury harem. Under Chen, under Chen, the ritual vessels are in the palace, and they are used for reference.
Wanzhu hairpin: the hairpin is wrapped in pearls. Wan, winding, or taking "Wan" as the place name, refers to the pearl decorative hairpin produced in Wan (now Nanyang City, Henan Province).
Fu: Attachment and inlay. Ai, a round bead. This generally refers to beads. Er (r), earrings.
A: Fine adhesive tape, a kind of light and thin silk. Or take "A" as the place name, referring to Dong 'a (now Dong 'a County, Shandong Province) of Qi State.
: undyed silk.
Refine with custom: elegant and extraordinary with custom.
Ye Jia is gentle: a beautiful and charming beauty. Very good, very beautiful, very beautiful. Smelting, enchanting, gorgeous. Gentle and graceful (y m: o ti m: o), with beautiful appearance.
Zhao: The country's name is Zhao Liehou, and he is a descendant of Zhao Shuai, a doctor of the State of Jin. In BC, Jin State was divided with Han Dynasty, and was made a vassal state by King Zhou Weilie, with Jinyang as its capital (now southeast of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province), including central Shanxi, northeast corner of Shaanxi Province and southwest of Hebei Province. In 200 BC, he moved the capital to Handan (now Handan City, Hebei Province). It was destroyed by Qin in 200 BC. The ancients took Yan and Zhao as places of beauty.
Wen: Pottery was used by the ancients to draw water. Fǒu, a kind of pottery with a big mouth and a big belly. Qin people used jars and hammers as percussion instruments. Kick your legs to master the rhythm of music and singing. Hit, hit, hit. Moustache, thighs.
Zheng: refers to the music in Zheng's hometown. Wei refers to the joy of defending the country. Mulberry room, Mulberry room is the place name of Weiguopu seaside. In the south of Puyang county, Henan province, there is a custom of men and women gathering to sing. This refers to the music in the mulberry forest, that is, the "Sound on the Mulberry Forest" in the book Le Shu. Zhao, or Shao, celebrates Yu Shun's dance music. "Yu, according to Records of the Historian, Nanhuaben, Feng Shanben and Santiaoben were cited as dance music to" protect "Shang Tang. Dance music praised by Wu. For example, the dance music praising Zhou Wenwang. Mount Tai: Mount Tai. Make way, make way, refuse.
Choice: Same as "explain" and "give up". River, river.
But: turn around and leave, refuse.
Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao and Shun. The Three Kings refer to the founding monarchs of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, namely Yu Xia, Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang.
Thousand hands: refers to the people in general. Civilians without titles can't wear crowns, so they can only wrap their heads in black gauze, so they are called the first in Guizhou. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he officially called the people the first in Guizhou. "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" contains: Twenty-six years, "renamed Min Yue Qian Shou". Capital, capital, supply.
Industry: practice, engagement and service.
Provide weapons and food to robbers.
J Χ: send, send. Harm others and benefit oneself: reduce the population of the country and increase the manpower of the enemy country. Benefits: gain, increase. Hatred, enemy.
Blame it on the princes: it means that when the guests are deported, they will go to other princes, thus establishing new grievances.
Creation background
According to Records of the Historian and Biography of Lisi, South Korea sent Zheng Guo, a water conservancy engineer, to lobby Ying Zheng, the king of Qin (later Qin Shihuang), and advocated digging ditches to irrigate the fields in an attempt to consume Qin's manpower and not attack South Korea, so as to implement the plan of "tiring Qin". When it was discovered, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, listened to the advice of the imperial clan minister and thought that the guests who came to Qin wanted to swim in Qin, so he ordered the guests to be expelled. Reese is also among the deportees. Despite his sincere fears, before he left, he took the initiative to write a letter to persuade the king of Qin not to expel the guests, and wrote a book "Persuading to expel the guests", which has been circulated throughout the ages.
Brief introduction of the author
Reese (? ~ 208 years ago), the word bronze drum, from Runan Shangcai (now Lisilou Village, Lugang Township, Shangcai County, Henan Province) [1-2]. A famous politician, writer and calligrapher in the Qin Dynasty. Participate in the formulation of laws and unify the system of cars, tracks, characters and weights and measures. The implementation of Lisi's political thought had a far-reaching impact on China and the world, and laid the basic pattern of feudal autocracy in China for more than two thousand years. After the death of Qin Shihuang, he colluded with Zhao Gao, an official, forged a testament, forced his son Fu Su to commit suicide, and made Hu Hai the second emperor, which was later taboo for Zhao Gao. In the second year of Qin Ershi (the first 208 years), the father and son were dismembered in Xianyang, and the three clans were destroyed.
Make an appreciative comment
The Book of Persuading Expulsion was written by Li Si to Qin Shihuang, which took place in the tenth year of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. The nobles of Qin imperial clan used south Korea to send water conservancy workers to repair irrigation canals, conspired to consume Qin's national strength, and advised and ordered the expulsion of all guests. The king of Qin read Reese's letter and cancelled the marching order. This article is convincing.
The author starts with history, and takes four monarchs, Mu Gong, Xiao Gong, Hui Wang and Wang Zhao, as examples to emphasize the importance of reusing Ke Qing. Then talk about the reality, the author lists the hobbies of the king of Qin, such as the jade in Kunshan, the carefree treasure, the pearl of the bright moon, the Taian sword he wears, the horse he rides and so on. , all from vassal States.
efficiency
First of all, the exhortation to expel has obvious effect. Validity means being practical and paying attention to effect, which involves the purpose and function of official documents. Different from art and literature, official documents are immersed, subtle and aesthetic. Official documents are "the first thing in politics". Their purpose is to complete specific official duties and their function is to solve practical problems. In essence, official document is a practical and procedural document, which is different from ordinary articles or literary works. The objective effect of official documents is an important measure of their practicality. Therefore, we must predict the effect in advance when compiling official documents, pay attention to efficiency when handling them, and pay attention to efficiency objectively. Xu's "General Theory of Popular Prose" points out: "Look carefully beforehand and be sure to be effective." This is a downlink file. Uplink official documents should also be "not limited to news, but time will come." If an official document is not practical and effective, it can hardly be said to be excellent. Therefore, the effectiveness is remarkable, which should be an important condition for a good official document. From this point of view, the book of exhortation and expulsion has the characteristics of remarkable effect. The most successful place of this official document is that as soon as Qin Wang published it, it achieved the expected purpose and received satisfactory results. Sima Qian once described the cause and effect of Lisi's writing in Biography of Lisi: "Mohammad, king of Qin, is a guest. I knew it when I met Zheng Guolai, a North Korean irrigation canal in the Qin Dynasty. The ministers of the Qin imperial clan all said that the king of Qin said,' The vassals who came to serve Qin probably stayed in Qin Er as the chief inspector. Please do everything according to the guests. Li Siyi is also in the middle. Si Nai wrote, "The king of Qin was ordered to expel the guests and restore Reese as an official, so he used his plan." At that time, the marching orders of the King of Qin had been issued, and Reese was also in exile. With this letter, the king of Qin can withdraw his order and change from marching to staying behind, using and paying attention to customers. This can't help but admit that the book of admonition and marching has played a huge role, and the effectiveness of official documents has been fully reflected here.
Judgment model
Secondly, the book of exhortation and expulsion is a model for judging things. The author thinks that "judging things" should be an important feature of official documents. Things are the contents of official documents, and judgment is the expression of official documents. "Deliberation" embodies the unity of content and form of official documents. Obviously, there must be something in the official document. Liu Xie's "talking about the main things" and "pointing to the facts", Xu's "only seeking the things in time" and "emphasizing the facts instead of empty words" all point out that the contents of official documents are things, because official documents are meant to do practical things. When official documents express things, they don't need to describe the ins and outs of things in detail, and they are often highly summarized or stop at the point. Official documents mainly adopt the method of "judgment" on things. As the General Theory of Popular Prose says, "Chen talks about things" and "the essence of official documents lies in judgment". Judgment is a compound word, including theory and judgment. A decision, judgment, decision, etc. Express the positive or negative attitude towards the right and wrong, gains and losses, merits and demerits of things, and put forward certain methods for the implementation of things. In the theory of truth, it is necessary to explain the reason clearly in order to let the trustee undertake the transaction. In short, decision-making is to do one thing, and theory is the reason for doing it. Theory is the premise of fault. If the theory of things is not made clear, faults will become passive water, rootless wood and unconvincing. In ancient official documents, due to different languages, there are also differences in the judgment of things. For example, in the following language, the life of the monarch is more critical, all admonitions, abrogations, announcements, decrees, etc. It shows the supreme authority of arbitrariness, and in the upward language, chapters, notes, statements and arguments are more critical (of course, there must be judgments), and exhortations, exhortations and suggestions should be available. And the last genre is facing the special object of the monarch, which is more reasonable. At this point, the book of exhortation and expulsion has a very distinctive feature. The conclusion of the full text is the first sentence: "As soon as I heard the officials talking about expelling guests, I felt that it was too much." I hope this judgment is established, so that the king of Qin can accept it and take it back. To this end, the following is a powerful argument. At the beginning of this judgment
Its characteristic is that Keqing has been expelled in an emergency (A New Preface to Historical Records: "The Secretary pursues the middle and admonishes." ), with very alert euphemism, the first sentence is plausible. This article is particularly distinctive in the theoretical part, full of profound and convincing arguments about things. It is necessary to point out two points here. One is to use heavy pen and thick ink, extravagance and parallelism, and list examples. For example, the article lists a lot of facts about the customers of the four kings, and lists a lot of life enjoyment that the king of Qin loved. Because of the rich examples and sufficient preparation, the comparison with the following is strengthened and the conclusion is extremely powerful. These examples are reliable and typical because they are carefully selected. As far as layout skills are concerned, parallelism is one after another, which is meaningful, fluent in writing, full of literary potential and extremely infectious. Second, the argument is characterized by repeated contrast and deepening at different levels. For example, on the first floor of the demonstration, the contrast between four gentlemen's guests (real pen) and "refusing to enter" (virtual pen), the contrast between four gentlemen's guests on the first floor and Qin Wang's light guests on the second floor, and the contrast between heavy objects and light people on the second floor show the fallacy of expelling guests everywhere. The logical relationship of the full text is promoted step by step and deepened layer by layer. From far to near in time, the passage is orderly: first talk about ancient times, then talk about reality, and then talk about the future. When it comes to the harm of expulsion, the degree is from light to heavy, escalating step by step: First, without guests, Qin will not be "rich" and "strong"; Then he said that "those who are not in Qin will be guests" and "this is not the art of crossing the sea to control the princes", which directly falls into the key issue of unifying the world and is more crucial than the upper level; Give up again
It is the so-called "stealing food with soldiers", which is more harmful to the state of Qin. Finally, it is pointed out that "driving customers to the enemy today will harm the people to get revenge, while self-sufficiency in the country will be blamed on the princes, and the country will not be in danger." Not only can't unify the world, but there is also the danger of national subjugation, which extends the harm of the eviction order to the extreme. This reasoning process from light to heavy, step by step, avoids abrupt collision from the beginning, resulting in diametrically opposite results, which conforms to the law of human psychological acceptance.
correlation
Furthermore, the book "Persuade to expel guests" is highly targeted. On the one hand, the pertinence of official documents means that each official document is issued for a specific matter, on the other hand, it also means that the official document has a specific recipient and the recipient is certain. Zhou's intellectual official documents have a wide audience, but they also have a certain scope; The following words are relatively narrow, and some modern official documents also stipulate the scope of reading and communication; Generally, the above is addressed to the higher authorities, and the recipient is very specific. In ancient times, the genre of performance was specially for the monarch, and the object was the most clear. When writing an official document, it should be considered according to the different situations of the recipient and targeted. From the content point of view, the pertinence of the book is aimed at the book of expelling guests, and the full text tightly buckles the book of expelling guests to discuss its mistakes. This article is very clever, because the reason for this expulsion is that the North Korean Zheng advised the king of Qin to build irrigation canals, with the aim of trying to consume Qin's financial resources with huge projects, making it impossible for him to use troops abroad. It is obviously unreasonable to defend this matter. Reese avoided this reason, but only grasped that expelling guests was not good for Qin, and it was easy for the king of Qin to accept it completely from the interests of Qin. In addition, Reese was innocent at that time, but his words in the book did not involve himself, which fully met the essential requirements of official documents. Xu said: "The essence of official documents is precious, and every word is based on the national economy." In view of the fact that expelling passengers is not good for Qin, it is a reflection of considering the national economy and people's livelihood.
The pertinence of the book of remonstrance and expulsion is also manifested in the remonstrance strategy for specific recipients. Reese wrote a letter to a specific person, Qin. If you are not familiar with this person, don't try to figure out his wishes and ideas, and don't cater to his psychological needs, it is easy to hit a wall. On this issue, Liu Xie has a pertinent evaluation: "Annoying (shunning) feelings into mobile words, although criticized successfully, but also Le Yan." Following the feelings and psychology of the king of Qin, the key issue of unifying the six countries is brought out, which meets the needs of the main task. At that time, the greatest wish of the king of Qin was to annex the world. Anyone who goes against this desire is hard to stand on, and anyone who is conducive to realizing this desire is easy to be accepted. Li Si firmly grasped the psychology of the king of Qin and regarded the hegemony of Qin as the soul of the whole book. In the first discussion, Qin's ancestors used Keqing to incite the king of Qin, resulting in such achievements as "dominating the West", "governing the country", "dispersing the submission of six countries", "nibbling at princes" and "making Qin emperor". In the second level of discussion, Ke Qing's use was mentioned to the height of "the art of controlling the monarch from across the sea"; Then the ancient five emperors and three kings moved the king of Qin invincible. In short, every level has repeatedly discussed such a fundamental interest: accepting customers can unify the whole country, while expelling customers is in danger of national subjugation. Persuade him with benefits and harm him, firmly grasped the heart of the king of Qin, and deeply hit him, so that the king of Qin naturally accepted his advice and withdrew his marching orders, thus achieving the purpose of writing a letter.
The above discusses how the book of remonstrating and expelling guests successfully judged the book of expelling guests, thus making the official document receive remarkable results. Effectiveness, pertinence and judgment of things are the most prominent features of this paper. Of course, there are some other official documents in this article. For example, Li Si was already being deported at that time, so when writing this letter, we must pay great attention to the prescription. In addition to "admonition lies in the Tao", we should come straight to the point at the beginning and point out the mistake of expelling guests, which shocked the king of Qin. It can be seen that the conception and straight to the point of the first sentence is not only the decision of emergency at that time, but also the requirement of timeliness of official documents.