Pizarro 1475 was born in trujillo. His father is a poor squire, and he is the illegitimate child of his father. When he was a teenager, Pizarro didn't go to school (nor did he receive formal education in his life), and his personality was very strange. Because of poverty, Pizarro has to raise pigs for others, which is undoubtedly a shame for him. He often vented his grievances on pigs and was often scolded by his master for being extremely irresponsible. Once, he lost his pig, and Pizarro sneaked away for fear of severe punishment. Shortly after the discovery of the new continent, Spain's colonial tentacles extended to America. Pizarro had no choice but to sail to the New World of Spain, hoping to find the legendary treasure, which was also the beginning of his colonial career.
From 1502 to 1509, Pizarro lived on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. 15 13 Pizarro took part in an expedition and went south along the east coast of South America and discovered the Pacific Ocean. During his exploration, Pizarro learned a lot about navigation and got a deeper understanding of the earth's environment, which laid the foundation for his later colonial activities. 15 19 Pizarro came to Panama and settled here. At that time, Cortez's discovery of gold in Mexico hit him, and he made up his mind to conquer plunder. Cortes had occupied the north at that time, so Pizarro had to plan to go south. 1522, Pizarro met a Spanish explorer, Al Andagowaya, who visited the Inca Empire and brought back gold and jewels. When Pizarro learned that people in the Inca Empire used gold boxes and ate from gold pots, he aroused his strong desire to conquer and plunder. The conquest of Cortes gave him a lot of experience and inspiration, which prompted Pizarro to conquer the Inca and plunder the attractive gold.
1 524165438+1October, Pizarro gathered a group of Spanish fugitives, lured them to invest 200 Jin of gold with Inca gold, bought1ship and recruited 1 12. Pizarro started from Panama and went south along the east coast of the Pacific Ocean. After 70 days of hard sailing, the expedition ship came to an estuary, which the local Indians called the Biju River. Pizarro mistakenly thought that the Indian said Bilu was the Inca gold empire he dreamed of, so he called the Inca empire Peru (this is the origin and name of Peru today). In fact, Pizarro is far from reaching the Inca border. However, more than 30 people have been killed in the expedition. At the mouth of the Bilu River, Pizarro found nothing. He had to dock at another port and go ashore to continue his search. At this time, their food was almost used up, but without any foreign aid, Pizarro had to send their only boat back for supplies, and the expedition was trapped in this harbor. 47 days later, when food supplies arrived, the expedition starved to death more than 20 people, so Pizarro named the port "Hunger Port". The first expedition was frustrated and dealt a great blow to Pizarro. He once lost confidence and was ready to return, but the Inca gold attracted him deeply and he was determined to continue.
Along the way, Pizarro was pleasantly surprised to find that the Indian villages were expanding one by one, and their gold ornaments were getting bigger and bigger, which greatly stimulated Pizarro's predatory desire. Pizarro realized that the Inca empire he was looking for was getting closer and closer. They rob when they see gold and kill Indians when they see them. Later, due to the strong resistance of Indians, Pizarro made slow progress or even stagnated. Pizarro's expedition from 1524 to 1525 only reached Colombia today, and the goal of the expedition was not achieved.
Pizarro realized that the previous method was no longer suitable for the situation, because the ratio of Spanish to Inca was too wide, and new methods must be adopted to deal with Indians. From 1526 to 1528, Pizarro began his second expedition. The harvest of this expedition far exceeds that of the first time. Pizarro knew his own strength, so he restrained a lot along the way, pretending to be friendly and harmless everywhere, buying Indians with small favors and winning the warm reception of simple Indians. They presented a large amount of food, gold, silver and cloth to the Spanish army. Pizarro was ecstatic, and his strategy finally worked, and he really won without fighting. After two expeditions, Pizarro achieved some success and got some gold, but he still didn't find the mysterious and rich Inca Empire. He also consumed a lot of gold and was at the end of his tether. He decided to return to China and ask King Charles I for help. 1528, Pizarro returned home with several Indians and many exquisite gifts. The following year, the king of Spain saw that the conquest of Inca was profitable, so he authorized Pizarro to conquer Peru on behalf of Spain as a plenipotentiary and provided him with military expenses to form an army. Pizarro achieved his goal.
Pizarro returned to Panama and set up a third expedition with the assistance of the Spanish emperor, but the number was still less than 200. He wanted to conquer the Incas with a population of five or six million, when Pizarro was 56 years old. The expedition set out from Panama on 1535, and Pizarro landed on the coast of Peru on 1537. He only took 177 men and 62 horses inland and entered Kahama, an important city of the Incas. At that time, a large-scale internal struggle for imperial power had just taken place within the Inca Empire, and the national situation was very weak. The newly enthroned king of Atahualpa was too afraid of Pizarro to take an active resistance attitude. Atahualpa left a huge army and led 5,000 unarmed followers to negotiate with Pizarro. Pizarro ordered the army to attack, which was actually a massacre. Spain did not lose a single soldier, while the Inca soldiers were almost wiped out. In this way, Pizarro successfully opened the north gate into the capital of the Inca Empire, took control of the Inca monarch, and began to realize his golden dream.
After Pizarro invaded Kahama, he put Atahualpa under house arrest, which was the experience he learned from Cortes. His strategy is very correct. The Inca Empire practiced a highly centralized system, and all power came from the Inca emperor. In the eyes of the Incas, the emperor was not a man, but a god. Pizarro controlled the Inca king, which means he controlled the entire Inca empire. Because the king was imprisoned, the Incas lost their spiritual support and had no strength to deal with the Spanish invasion. Pizarro imprisoned the Inca king in a stone chamber 22 feet long, 17 feet wide and 9 feet high. The Inca king knew that the Spanish only wanted gold, so he promised Pizarro that he would give Pizarro as much gold as the stone room where he was held, and the only condition was to release himself. Pizarro was ecstatic and took the initiative to open the shackles of the Inca king, but the Inca emperor who was loyal to his promise thought that only the ransom could be paid off and took it away. The kind Inca king didn't know that this promise meant nothing to the colonists. In order to redeem their king, the Incas brought gold from all over the country to fill the stone chambers. However, when paying the ransom, Pizarro let it slip, so the Inca king continued to be imprisoned. Soon, Pizarro established his own court, put Atahualpa to the guillotine, and eliminated the future trouble, so Pizarro became the real ruler of the Inca. Atahualpa's death also heralded the demise of the Inca Empire.
1533165438+1October, Pizarro entered Cusco, the capital of the Inca, and the Incas did not make any resistance. Soon after, Pizarro imitated Cortes and established a new Inca emperor as a puppet. With this puppet, Pizarro began to realize his golden dream. The Spanish ransacked palaces, temples, gardens and all public buildings. As long as anything of a little value is looted, the Incas will flee in large numbers. Pizarro gave one-fifth of the plundered gold to the king of Spain, and four-fifths was divided equally with his men. Cuzco, the center of civilization that India joined, was devastated. 1535 Pizarro abandoned the destroyed Cuzco and established Lima, which became the new capital of Peru in the future.
Diego de Almag is a close colleague of Pizarro. He once strongly supported Pizarro's exploration and helped Pizarro a lot. But in the process of crazy plunder, he thought that Pizarro gave him too little booty, which was extremely unfair. He repeatedly asked Pizarro to redistribute, but Pizarro refused savagely, so Almag held a grudge. 1537, Almag led some supporters to launch a rebellion, but Pizarro came prepared and quickly put down the rebellion. Almag was arrested and sentenced to death. Pizarro thought the problem had been solved, so he didn't delve into the remnants of the rebellion, which left a fatal curse. 154 1 year, in the eighth year of Pizarro's occupation of Cuzco, a group of close friends of Almag assassinated the 66-year-old colonial leader.
In colonial history, Pizarro was a cruel representative, but his cruel character did not affect his great military achievements. Pizarro is very eye-catching in military history with the example that fewer wins more. Pizarro successfully conquered the Inca empire with a population of more than 6 million with a force of 180, which is the most amazing military achievement in history. From the analysis of operational conditions, Spanish firearms do not have an absolute advantage, and it takes time to load the matchlock with gunpowder. In fact, they are not as good as bows and arrows, especially in the mountains and jungles of Peru. What's more, when Pizarro first entered Cajamarca, only three people had matchlock guns and less than 20 people had firearms. The victory of the Spanish mainly depends on command and determination, not weapons as people say. Of course, Pizarro also met a lot of good luck, but just because he was a colonist, we can't deny Pizarro's important role in military command.
After Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire, he forced the Spanish religious culture in the conquered areas. The official language of these areas is still Spanish, and many Spanish cultures have been preserved. After the collapse of the Inca Empire, no place in South America won the victory against European conquest, and millions of Indians still lived in South America. Indians in most parts of South America have never been in power, and Europe's religion and language have always been dominant, which shows that Pizarro's expedition is of far-reaching significance.
Pizarro's life reflects the process of Spanish colonial rule in Latin America, and Pizarro himself is a typical representative of the colonists. Later generations have different opinions about this Spaniard who changed the historical process, but one thing is recognized: Pizarro's expedition was the product of history at that time, and Pizarro was a figure who changed Indian history.