School mental health education is a new concept in the education reform movement at the end of the 20th century, which is the product of combining modern psychology, pedagogy, psychiatry, physiology, sociology and other disciplines with school education practice. She is a new educational activity under the situation that the psychological troubles and obstacles of primary and secondary school students in China are increasing day by day, the mental health level is declining, and the front-line teachers in education are eager to solve these increasing psychological problems out of professional responsibility. The Ministry of Education and education administrative departments at all levels have given great attention and active support to the development of students' mental health education, which provides a fundamental guarantee for our school to carry out mental health education.
The following is a preliminary discussion on the connotation of primary school students' mental health education, the position and significance of primary school students' mental health education in the school education system, and the objectives, contents and principles of school psychological counseling.
First, the connotation of mental health education for primary school students
Primary school students' mental health education refers to: teachers use the relevant theories of psychology, pedagogy and sociology, according to the characteristics of primary school education and the laws of primary school students' physical and mental development, through classroom education, games, activities, counseling and other educational channels to help primary school students acquire the initial knowledge of mental health, arouse their initial awareness of self-knowledge and self-care, and provide some simple and effective psychological services to students who are hindered by psychological deviation or exclusion, so as to promote the normal development of primary school students' physical and mental health and improve the mental health level of all primary school students.
Its connotation mainly includes the following three aspects:
1. Primary school students' mental health education is an educational activity for all students and promotes their development.
Dr. Lin Mengping, a Hong Kong psychological counseling expert, believes that the object of psychological counseling is all students and should be developmental counseling; The direction and fundamental purpose of psychological counseling is to help a person develop all his potential and have a happy life. Professor Ma Wenju, a professor at the Department of Psychology of East China Normal University and a psychologist at the Popular Science Committee of the Chinese Psychological Association, also believes that school psychological counseling should focus on all students, pay attention to preventive education and pay attention to the future of the educated. Therefore, primary school students' mental health education is not psychotherapy (psychotherapy is aimed at students with existing mental diseases); Not equal to psychological counseling; Psychological counseling is aimed at students with psychological problems or deviations among normal students, aiming at helping visitors to eliminate or alleviate psychological problems or symptoms that have appeared in real life. It is an important part of mental health education. ) It is an educational activity aimed at every student and promoting the development of every student.
2. Primary school students' mental health education must be organized and implemented by ordinary school teachers, and teachers' enthusiasm must be mobilized to the maximum extent. As we all know, the psychological development of primary school students is in an important period of life development. On the one hand, their cognitive, emotional, will and other psychological contradictions, confusion, struggle, will produce such psychological problems; On the other hand, they are still young, their physical and mental development is not perfect and mature, and they need the guidance and help of adults (especially teachers). Psychologists point out that school education should be devoted to creating an environment conducive to children's psychological development and promoting their better and healthier growth. The environment here includes two aspects: one is the overall educational environment of the school (referred to as the hard environment); The second is the words and deeds of educators and the whole process of education and teaching activities (referred to as soft environment). I think, first of all, let teachers have a higher ideological understanding of developing mental health education; Secondly, create conditions to organize teachers to learn psychology, pedagogy, sociology and other related theories; The third is to learn and master the operating techniques and methods of mental health education; Fourth, dare to practice, constantly explore and summarize, learn by doing, and form a team of teachers with a strong psychological education atmosphere that combines backbone teachers with ordinary teachers.
3. Primary school students' mental health education must reflect the characteristics of primary education. Fundamentality and universality are two basic characteristics of primary education. Therefore, the goal of mental health education for primary school students should be to choose the most important and basic content suitable for children's healthy development. Let primary school students get help and training in the fields of cognition and emotion, let children learn to know and accept themselves from an early age, and maintain a happy, optimistic mood and a positive spirit; Learn with a scientific, positive and positive attitude, so that intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors can be well developed; Let children learn to adapt to the objective environment from an early age, not only to develop civilized and polite manners, but also to become considerate, respectful, honest and enterprising pupils.
Another feature is that the object of mental health education for primary school students should be all students. Primary school students' mental health education takes promoting children's physical and mental health development as its own responsibility, and must face all students and pay attention to every student. For a small number of primary school students with psychological problems of one kind or another, preventive and developmental active counseling should be carried out in time. People who look healthy today may become unhealthy tomorrow. Therefore, primary school students' mental health education must persist in facing all.
Second, primary school students' mental health education
The position and significance in the school education system.
The status of mental health education in the school education system can be summarized in one sentence, that is, mental health education is an important part of the development of modern education. Because it is closely related to moral education, intellectual education, physical education and aesthetic education, it permeates and influences each other and has its own independent tasks, contents, laws and methods. To understand this problem, the key is to realize the connection and difference between thought, morality, knowledge, skills, aesthetic feeling and psychological education:
(1) Similarity: Thought, morality, knowledge, skills and aesthetic feeling all belong to the whole psychological system and all obey the laws of psychological formation and development.
1, all produced by human brain organs. Lenin pointed out: "Psychological things, consciousness, etc. It is the highest product of matter (that is, physical things). They are the functions of this particularly complex matter called the human brain ... Feeling, thinking and consciousness are the advanced products that constitute matter in a special way. "
2. They are all based on objective reality. Thought, morality, knowledge, skills, aesthetics, etc. They are all people's reflections on objective reality, are directly combined with people's material life, material communication and language communication in real life, and are all restricted by people's social material living conditions, productivity and production relations.
3. They are all based on practical activities. The process of students' learning is a process in which students actively engage in such practical activities under the control of certain needs and motives. The most essential and closest basis of students' thinking is all practical activities that students participate in. Learn in practice and grow in practice.
4. All belong to the category of individual consciousness. Thought, morality, knowledge, skills and aesthetic psychology are not general social consciousness, but spiritual phenomena of materializing things in individual minds.
(2) Difference: Thought, morality, knowledge, skills and aesthetic feeling are special manifestations of psychology, so they are different from psychology.
1, with different levels of development. Everyone should have a certain level of quality in order to become different types and levels of talents. The quality here is composed of three different levels: the first level is physiological quality-mainly refers to the sensory organs, motor organs, nervous system, brain and their functions that people are afraid of, which is innate; The second level is psychological quality-mainly composed of psychological process (understanding emotional will), psychological state and personality, which is the "alloy" of congenital inheritance, acquired environment and education; The third level is social and cultural quality-it includes moral quality and cultural quality, which is the product of environment and education.
2. The content is different in nature. Thought, morality, knowledge and aesthetic feeling are social, with right and wrong, good and bad, good and evil, true and false, honor and disgrace; But psychological quality can be divided into positive and negative. This is just like four kinds of temperament (sanguine, choleric, mucinous and depressive), all of which have positive and negative aspects. There is no distinction between good temperament and bad temperament.
3. Different forms of expression. The manifestations of ideology and morality are political views and moral norms, such as world outlook, outlook on life, values and morality, honesty, modesty, frankness, integrity, respect for the elderly and love for the young. The expressions of knowledge and skills are definitions, formulas, rules, theorems and laws, as well as reading, writing, experiment and painting skills. Aesthetic feeling is the concrete feeling of the aesthetic object, which is manifested in the forms of beauty, ugliness, loftiness, comity, rigidity, softness, joy and sadness. Psychological quality is a person's psychological process and personality characteristics, which is characterized by extensive, profound, independent, flexible, agile, critical and logical thinking. Agility, persistence and correctness of memory; Conscious, decisive, tenacious, self-control, etc.
(3) The connection between them: Psychology is the medium and foundation for the formation and development of thought, morality, knowledge, skills and aesthetic feeling. Through psychological education, individuals can maintain a healthy psychological state and have good psychological quality, which can provide good psychological conditions and psychological guarantee for receiving quality education in other aspects.
Take moral education and intellectual education as examples.
1, moral education and psychological education. Moral education is to impart certain ideological and political views and behavioral ethics to students, thus forming students' good ideological and moral character. The combination of moral education and psychological education is most concentrated in people's personality. Personality is the most distinctive and important personality psychological characteristic that distinguishes a person from others. A person's character specifically marks a person's thought and morality. Good personality is manifested in patriotism, love for the people, love for labor, love for science, love for socialism, and being strict with oneself, tolerant of others, kind to others, helpful, civilized and law-abiding. And bad character, its performance is arrogant, cruel, bossy, proud of credit, selfish, timid, afraid of Confucianism and inferiority, narrow suspicion, lack of fun, fear of difficulties, pessimism and so on. Therefore, people's personality characteristics are closely related to people's ideology and morality. Without the education and cultivation of students' good personality, it is impossible to form advanced ideas and excellent morality, and it is impossible to establish * * * ideology and morality.
2. Intellectual education and psychological education. Intellectual education is an activity in which students receive systematic cultural and scientific knowledge and basic skills and develop their intelligence. It is not only a simple knowledge education, but also a simple intelligence education. It is an educational activity with learning knowledge and skills as the intermediary and mastering knowledge and skills and developing intelligence as the purpose. Therefore, it must be realized through students' psychological activities.
In the mental health education activities of primary school students in our school, students were tested for their learning adaptability-AAT test of East China Normal University. Whether it is the test results of individual students or the overall level of the class, it can be clearly seen that students' academic performance is closely related to mental health. The analysis results show that the reliability is above 90%, and all students with good academic performance have good learning adaptability and high mental health rate. Where students' grades are "poor", their learning adaptability is poor and their mental health rate is correspondingly low. Therefore, through testing, analysis and research, I can draw a conclusion whether students' mental health is an important factor affecting students' learning effect. Therefore, developing mental health education is an important task for our school education and teachers. Therefore, it is not only the task of intellectual education, but also the task of mental health education to cultivate students' curiosity and thirst for knowledge, stimulate their interest and motivation in learning, and develop their abilities of observation, memory, thinking, imagination and creativity.
To sum up, the status of primary school students' mental health education in school education is: in a sense, it has become an important symbol of modern schools; It overlaps with each other and is the intermediary and foundation of every kind of education; In the all-round development of human beings, psychological quality has a core position and role; In the education system, psychological education and all kinds of education together constitute a dialectical and unified system of mutual restraint and infiltration, which provides a good psychological premise for students to form ideological morality, acquire knowledge, form skills, cultivate ability, develop intelligence, exercise, enhance physical fitness and shape aesthetic feeling.
The significance lies in: it is conducive to preventing mental illness and maintaining students' mental health; Conducive to the socialization and sound personality development of children and adolescents; Conducive to the full implementation of quality education and the improvement of students' quality; It is conducive to promoting the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.
Third, the objectives, contents and principles of school psychological counseling.
(A) the goal of school psychological counseling:
The goals of psychological counseling are: to help students know themselves, accept themselves and manage themselves; Understand and master the surrounding environment and adapt to it; Help students solve the problems they face, cope with the crisis, get rid of difficulties, and enhance their ability and courage to face the environment and pressure; Make students get rid of special symptoms, improve their behavior and resolve negative thoughts and emotions; Guide students to choose, make decisions and make action plans; Encourage students to seek the meaning of life through exploration, realize their inherent potential, and enable them to live a healthy, meaningful and self-satisfied life.
We can divide the above objectives into two aspects:
The first is to learn to adjust. Adaptation includes adjustment and adaptation. "Adjustment" refers to all aspects of a person's inner spiritual life and their relationships, and the focus of adjustment is a person's inner experience. Teaching students to learn to adjust is to learn to treat themselves correctly, accept themselves, resolve contradictions, establish an appropriate and correct level of ambition, and maintain the harmony of personal spiritual life. "Adaptation" refers to the relationship between people and their surroundings, and the focus of adjustment is people's behavior. Adaptation means correcting wrong behaviors, developing correct behaviors, eliminating obstacles in interpersonal communication and improving the quality of interpersonal communication. Learning to adjust is the basic goal, and psychological counseling with this goal is called "adaptive counseling".
The second is to seek development. It is necessary to guide students to recognize their own potential and specialties, conduct interpersonal communication reasonably and correctly, give full play to their initiative and creativity, and make continuous progress and development in their study and life. Seeking development is a high-level goal, and psychological counseling with this goal is called "development counseling".
(two) the contents of school psychological counseling:
School psychological counseling, according to the characteristics of primary school students, the specific counseling content generally has five aspects: 1, health and physical development problems; 2. School education and life problems (lack of planning, poor study habits, inattention in reading, weariness of learning, truancy, etc.). ); 3. Personality problems (sentimentality, shyness, inferiority, overconfidence, carelessness, lack of sympathy, inability to get along with others, emotional instability, etc.). ); 4, the relationship between family and family members (parents dictatorship, unable to control their children, broken families, families that do not cooperate with the school, etc.). ); 5. Social and moral problems (lying, impoliteness, petty theft, frequent nicknames, fighting, bullying girls, etc. ). Let's take study counseling and life counseling as an example.
1, the content of learning counseling.
A, know your own learning potential counseling. Help students to understand their own potential, know their own body, intelligence, character strengths and disadvantages, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and establish short-term, medium-term and long-term learning goals suitable for them.
B. learning motivation, interest and attitude consultation. Help students understand the social and personal significance of learning, cultivate the desire to explore knowledge, develop subject interest, and enable students to establish a serious, conscious, independent and creative learning attitude.
C, the level of learning ambition counseling. Help students establish a level of learning ambition that suits them. If the ambition level is set properly, the chances of success will increase, and the learning motivation will be enhanced, thus improving the learning enthusiasm. If the enthusiasm for learning is high, the learning effect will be improved and the chances of success will be more, so as to achieve the goal of continuous success, continuous efforts and continuous success.
D, counseling on learning methods and strategies. Pay attention to "learning methods" and guide students to gradually master the methods of reading, taking notes, previewing and reviewing in subject learning. Learn and master the strategies of concentration, understanding and memory, thinking and solving problems, and gradually form unique learning methods and strategies that suit you.
E, study plan counseling. Let students learn to independently make study plans, choose study contents, arrange study time scientifically and reasonably, and initially have the ability to implement and adjust plans.
2. The content of life consultation.
First, the attitude of life goals and psychological counseling. Guide students to form their own social value life goals, pursue the meaning of life, and establish a sense of responsibility and a positive and optimistic attitude towards life.
B, daily life counseling. Guide students to develop neat and orderly living habits, cultivate students' self-care ability, pay attention to personal hygiene and public hygiene, and do not eat anorexia, partial eclipse, snacks, etc. And get rid of bad behavior habits.
C. communication and consultation. Enable students to know themselves correctly, know others, learn to push themselves and others, think for others, accept the differences between others and themselves, and establish normal interpersonal relationships between teachers, students and students. Cultivate interest in social activities, learn to master the methods and skills of interpersonal communication, and dare to express their legitimate demands and different opinions in front of everyone.
D. emotional counseling. Make students know the richness and diversity of people's emotions, master the appropriate channels and ways to control, express and vent their emotions, and turn negative emotions and conflict emotions into positive and healthy emotions. Lively, cheerful, positive and healthy emotions can make people full of vitality.
In addition, life consultation also includes safety consultation, cooperation consultation, family life consultation and holiday consultation.
(C) the principles of school psychological counseling
The principle of school psychological counseling is the specific guiding ideology of psychological counseling.
1, the principle of facing all students.
School psychological counseling promotes students' growth and development through guidance, guidance, help and service. When we give effective guidance to all students, students' problems will occur less or be easy to solve. Therefore, when making a counseling plan, we should focus on all students, consider the common needs and problems of most students when determining the content of psychological counseling activities, and create conditions when organizing the Young Pioneers activities, so that as many students as possible can participate in it, especially those who are introverted, quiet, shy, poor in expression and unobtrusive, so that all students can get effective psychological counseling.
The principle of combining correction, prevention and development.
School psychological counseling is divided into three levels: correction, prevention and development. Correction is to correct students' inappropriate behaviors and help students eliminate or resolve persistent psychological tension or various emotional conflicts. Prevention helps students master relevant knowledge and skills and learn interpersonal communication; Learn to cope with all kinds of psychological troubles caused by setbacks, conflicts, stress and tension. , reduce the painful experience, maintain normal life order and learning efficiency. Development is to guide students to set up valuable study and life goals, recognize their own potential and available resources, be responsible for life, give full play to their personal potential, and make life healthy, full and meaningful. On the whole, prevention and development are more important than correction, and prevention and development are more active than correction. At the same time of prevention, we should pursue development (development is also active prevention), and the three cooperate and promote each other. Because mental health not only means no mental illness, but also means positive ideal pursuit, good social function, efficient study state, harmonious and friendly interpersonal relationship, independent personality and colorful spiritual life.
When implementing this principle, we should pay attention to three points:
A, school psychological counseling should be carried out as early as possible, but the child's psychology has not yet been finalized, and it is highly malleable. As long as short-term care and consultation are given, there will be obvious improvement.
B, school psychological counseling should take the initiative. Pay attention to prevent delay. At ordinary times, some cognitive, emotional and behavioral training activities suitable for normal students are carried out to give students some useful experience and enhance their adaptability.
C, for some socially disadvantaged students, students with tense interpersonal relationship in class and tense relationship between teachers and students, it is necessary to find out early and focus on early intervention. This requires teachers to have great love, great patience and high sensitivity to detect the psychological and behavioral changes of students.
3. Respect and understand the student principle.
"Respect and understanding" is the basic principle that students should follow in the process of psychological counseling. Respect means respecting the personality and dignity of students and respecting the equal rights of every student. Understanding requires teachers to understand students with an equal attitude and according to their thoughts, actions and feelings. Respect and understanding are realized, and spiritual communication between teachers and students is realized, thus creating a feeling of "meeting one's own people". Only when teachers respect students will students respect themselves, cherish their achievements and progress, and experience the sense of dignity as human beings. Self-esteem, self-respect and self-confidence are important characteristics of a sound personality and one of the important goals pursued by psychological counseling. If a student is respected and understood by the teacher, he will trust the teacher and be willing to pour out his inner thoughts, fears and anguish to the teacher. This good teacher-student relationship is the basic condition for psychological counseling to achieve results.
To implement this principle, we should pay attention to the following three points:
Treat students in an equal and democratic manner. In the process of education and teaching, teachers should not condescend to reprimand students, humiliate, satirize and dig at students, and solve students' problems by rough and compulsory means. No matter what negative, abnormal and unpleasant words the students reflect in the conversation, teachers should respect him, accept him, listen to him carefully, imagine his inner feelings and bend down to see the students.
B. respect students' choices. Teachers can't force students to make any choices, but only provide students with information and suggestions, provide cognitive premises, and make students responsible for their choices.
C, deepen the understanding of the aided students with the attitude and technology of empathy. In counseling, the teacher should "see the world through the eyes of the aided students", feed back his understanding and feelings to the students, and let the students feel the respect, understanding and acceptance of the teacher, so as to put aside psychological precautions and tell everything in their inner world.
4. The principle of students' subjectivity.
In other words, we should respect students' dominant position in psychological counseling. Because a, psychological counseling promotes students' growth and development, which is fundamentally a conscious and active process. B, psychological counseling is a process of helping others and helping themselves. "Helping others" is only a means, and letting students "help themselves" is the purpose. The goal is to cultivate students' ability of self-understanding and self-guidance. C. Adolescence is a period in which students' self-awareness and independent tendency develop rapidly. Students are eager to solve the problems they face through their own independent thinking and active exploration. At this time, they often feel disgusted with the external pressure and the excessive protection of adults. Give full play to the main role of students in counseling, so that the needs of students to form an independent personality can be met.
When implementing this principle, we should pay attention to three aspects.
A, psychological counseling should be based on the needs of students.
B respect students' dominant position and encourage them to "play a leading role". Psychological counseling is a cooperative activity between teachers and students, and the role of teachers is to provide help and advice. In the process of counseling, students should be encouraged to express their views, vent their feelings and explore ways to solve problems. Teachers should avoid saying "listen to me" and "I'll tell you" and speak in an encouraging and consulting tone. Such as "I can understand", "I see", "Please continue", "Is that what you mean", "Please listen to my opinion", "I want to add something", "I sympathize with your situation" and so on.
C, carrying out activities is the basic form of school psychological counseling. Because activities can attract more students to participate; Can satisfy students' desire for self-expression; Enable students to enter specific situations and have more full emotional input.
5. Individualized treatment principle.
Paying attention to students' individual differences and emphasizing individualized treatment are the essence of school psychological counseling.
When implementing this principle, we should pay attention to the following four aspects.
A, pay attention to the understanding of students' individual differences. Teachers should not only understand students' personalities, but also pay attention to their personalities and differences. Through one-on-one and face-to-face contact, we can truly understand a student and properly handle the communication obstacles caused by students' shyness, inferiority and defensive psychology.
B. Treat different students differently. Psychological counseling is a flexible way to help others. We should fully consider students' age characteristics, gender characteristics and personality characteristics, flexibly apply the general principles of psychological counseling, and find out the disposal methods suitable for each student, so as to get twice the result with half the effort.
C, do a good job in case study. Case study is a counseling method that attaches importance to students' individual differences. The object is a single student, usually a special student. Carrying out case studies and accumulating case data are conducive to exploring the experience of personalized education and improving the effectiveness of individual counseling.
D, formulate special goals of personalized treatment.
The special goal of individualized therapy is to set specific goals at different levels in the process of psychological counseling according to the special problems and specific requirements of individual students.