Near-death experience (NDE), that is, near-death experience, refers to the subjective experience of some people who have suffered serious trauma or illness but recovered unexpectedly, and those who are in a potentially devastating situation and have a premonition that they are about to die but are lucky enough to escape. It is the same as the psychology of people's dying process, and it is the spiritual activity of people at the end of their lives. Near-death experience is a reaction when people encounter danger (such as car accident, sudden illness, etc.). There are several extraordinary basic feelings in perception and emotion, such as feeling the change of time, reviewing life, extraordinary peace and joy, and even "awareness of death". Each feeling is unique to each individual, and may appear at the same time, without universality. Due to different ages and cultures, personal feelings are usually different. It should not be a simple unconscious behavior to express near-death experience in some cases provided by patients. At the same time, when people are in danger, whether the nerves are damaged or not, near-death experience is possible. Usually, people who experience near-death experience are in a state of ischemia or hypoxia or both. "Near-death experience" is a common phenomenon [edit this paragraph] Many people who have near-death experience can accurately describe what they "see" around them when their clinical death sensory organs are not working. At present, few people deny the existence of near-death experience, even those atheists. "Near-death experience" is very common in all ethnic groups. As early as 2000 years ago, Plato recorded the phenomenon of near-death experience in his book TheRepublic. There are a lot of records in ancient historical materials in China, and there are many examples after conscious records in the West. 1987, in Barcelona, Spain, a 24-year-old young worker named Chavi Yaina was unfortunately crushed to death by a big box with a machine and became a "vegetable" in a coma. 1990 One day in March, Yaina suddenly woke up. Although it was only a short 10 minute, she told people about his adventures in a long sleep: "I became a child again, led by my dead menstruation." She took me into a glowing tunnel, which leads to another world. She said to me,' The eternal peace you want me to find is something you can get in another world.' I put my hand over my eyes, but Maria's menstruation gently pulled my hand back. "10 minutes later, aa couldn't sleep for a long time. Coincidentally, a 65-year-old businessman who came back from the dead in the United States also described his "death" to the doctor who rescued him: "I remember that I was like a light cloud, rising from my body to the ceiling. The fence and iron gate of the hospital can't stop me at this moment. I quickly flew out of the hospital and flew to the illusory space at a faster and faster speed. Then I went forward at a great speed in an endless tunnel. At the other end of the tunnel, I saw a little light; This lamp is getting brighter and brighter. When I reached the end of the tunnel, the light became an extremely strong light source. My heart is full of joy and love. I no longer have anxiety, depression, pain and tension. " Interestingly, some celebrities have also had near-death experiences. Hemingway, a famous American writer and Nobel Prize in Literature winner, experienced an out-of-body experience at the age of 19. At that time, he was serving in the ambulance service on the front line in Italy. 19 18 At midnight on July 8, a shrapnel hit Hemingway's legs, seriously injuring him. Afterwards, he told his friend Guy Hicko, "I feel my soul coming out of my body, just like pulling it out of my pocket with a corner of a silk handkerchief." Silk handkerchiefs floated around and finally returned to the old place and entered the pocket. "In addition to Hemingway, Goethe, a great German poet, Mo Bosang, the best French writer of critical realism, Dostoevsky, a famous Russian writer in the19th century, Poe, the most famous American novelist, and David Herbert Lawrence, a famous British writer, all had similar experiences. They think: "The human soul is hidden in the human body, which is a perfect copy of the body and is made up of extremely light things. Luminous translucent, very suitable for in vitro activities. When the soul leaves the body, it is almost like a dream. Studies show that people who have experienced near-death experience are all over the world, from different regions, races, religions, beliefs and cultural backgrounds. According to a survey by Gallup, a famous American statistical company, it is estimated that at least 654.38+03 million living adults have had near-death experiences in the United States alone, and this number will be even more impressive if children are included. Research by Dr. Kenlin and others shows that about 35% people will have near-death experience when they are near death. Five stages [Edit this paragraph] Psychologist Kenneth Reinger divides the "near-death experience" of human beings into five stages that have been recognized by academic circles: feeling extremely calm, serene and relaxed (accounting for three-fifths of the dying people). I feel that my consciousness and even my body image are out of my body, floating in mid-air, and I can see the doctor busy around my body, as if it has nothing to do with me (accounting for one third). I feel like I'm in a long black hole and fly forward automatically and quickly. When the body is pulled and squeezed (accounting for a quarter), it feels calmer. A beam of light appeared at the end of the black hole. When I approached this light, I felt that it gave me a pure love. Relatives (some dead) appeared at the mouth of the cave to meet them. They are all tall, brightly colored and shrouded in a halo. At this time, the major experiences in my life, scenes flew by in front of my eyes, mostly happy events (accounting for one seventh). Being integrated with that light, I suddenly feel integrated with the universe. In addition, there is a sense of awakening, isolation, time stop, sun extinction and being controlled by external forces. However, not all scientists are convinced of the exploration results of "near-death experience", especially those about "death experiment", "hell investigation" and "resurrection from the dead", and some scientists are opposed. Two professors at MIT believe that the five stages of "near-death experience" are sheer nonsense, which is nothing more than the suffocation of donnie darko and the lack of feeling. Reasons [Edit this paragraph] Viewpoint A Some scientists have pointed out that people's subjective experiences in a short period of time are generally similar at the moment of death arrival-especially those who believe in the existence of heaven abound in the West, so it is more likely to have "near-death experiences", which is a more convincing view at present. Viewpoint B Biologist Roland Seager explained it from the biochemical point of view. He believes that when everyone dies, the brain will secrete excessive chemicals, some of which will lead to strange hallucinations. Viewpoint c some scholars believe that since birth, aging, illness and death are inevitable natural laws, then death will also become an instinctive reflection in extreme times. When the human body judges that it is difficult to survive, it starts its own euthanasia instinct and no longer releases refreshing feelings (such as pain). And release a chemical similar to heroin, which makes people happy. The content of hallucinations is related to people's experiences and beliefs. This phenomenon does not mean that there is a second world such as hell and heaven. Because these people's hallucinations have no unknown information. It's like dreaming that "northerners don't dream of elephants and southerners don't dream of camels". His information is not beyond the scope of his actual contact. For example, a near-death experience tells that he met a victim of murder, and the victim said that he did not know who the murderer was. But after the case was finally solved, the perpetrator was an acquaintance. In other words, he didn't see the victims in heaven or hell, just his own illusion. Alpha 3 [Editor's paragraph] When there were different opinions in the scientific community, a scientific experiment named Alpha 3 was quietly launched in Tokyo, Japan, which opened a whole new world for the study of near-death experience. The "Alpha 3" project was sponsored by several multinational companies, and a total of 16 volunteers participated in the experiment. They came from the United States, Japan and Switzerland, and their ages ranged from 19 to 75. They are all dying patients. It was after nearly three months of in-depth and meticulous psychological analysis that they were approved to join the "Alpha 3" program. The concrete implementation method of "Alpha 3" project is that scientists implant electrodes in the skulls of volunteers and connect them with computers, so that the computers can receive volunteers' brain waves within 80 kilometers, and translate them into words within 60 seconds and display them on the screen of computer terminals. There is a problem here, because so far, there is no technology to communicate directly with brain waves, and the most powerful technology is just to switch lights on and off through brain waves. In the first two years of the implementation of the "Alpha 3" project, four volunteers left this world one after another, but the computer did not receive any information from them. Undaunted, the scientists made further modifications to the computer program and finally succeeded. At that time, a volunteer named Foday died of illness. Three days later, the information that scientists have been waiting for for for a long time appeared on the computer screen: "I am Foday, telling you that I am happy, without pain ... without pain ... without pain ..." These words were repeated for more than 20 times, and the information was suddenly interrupted. This result greatly encouraged the scientists and volunteers who participated in the "Alpha 3" project and made the experiment more orderly. However, since then, four volunteers have died one after another, but the computer has not received any information. Just when "the mountains are heavy and there is no road to doubt", a 23-year-old leukemia patient died unfortunately. As a result, the study was "another village with flowers" because the computer received her message the next day: "This is a beautiful place, and I am very happy to be here. It is often sunny here." "Many people are with me, I love them very much, and I will …" The news suddenly stopped. Scientists involved in the "Alpha 3" project agree that the feedback results of life information conveyed here are similar, which is a strong evidence of the existence of "near-death experience". In view of this, the "Alpha 3" plan will go further. Some experts expressed doubts about the operation process of this experiment. The debate will continue. Other related research [edit this paragraph] With the development of medical technology, more and more people can be awakened from the state of death and report a lot of near-death experiences. No matter what culture, age and religion the experiencer comes from, the content and influence of near-death experience are very similar. Some people question whether the report of near-death experience is essentially a subjective personal experience and whether there is an objective and verifiable basis to follow. Kenneth, a professor of psychology at the University of Connecticut, said. Dr Kenneth Lin replied, "The most objective and verifiable data is the OBE part of the near-death experience. People will see something outside the body. These things can be investigated and verified by scientists. " In recent twenty years, a great deal of scientific research on near-death experience has been published in academic journals, such as The Lancet and Journal of Near-Death Studies. The research on near-death experience is mostly retrospective, and it is only aimed at patients with this experience, and there is often a gap between scientists' investigation and patients' actual experience for five to ten years, so many of them may affect patients. In view of this situation, Pem of Cardiovascular Center of Rijnstate Hospital in the Netherlands. Truck. Dr Pim VanLommel and his colleagues conducted a follow-up study on the near-death experience of 334 patients aged 26-92 who were successfully rescued during the period of 1988- 1992. The details of these patients' conditions, drugs used and medical measures taken at that time were recorded. In the next few years, he interviewed and tested these patients to see if they had any memory bias about their experiences at the time of onset, including near-death experiences. Dr Lamaner's research results were published in the international authoritative academic journal The Lancet in February, 20001. These patients were declared clinically dead for one or more times and regained consciousness after timely cardiac pacing, artificial respiration and drug treatment. Among them, 62 people reported their near-death experiences, including realizing that they were dead to varying degrees, having happy positive emotions, leaving their souls in vitro, passing through a tunnel, communicating with a beam of light, observing various strange colors and scenes in heaven, meeting dead relatives and friends, reviewing their lives and understanding the boundaries between life and death. Through strict comparative analysis and statistical test, Dr. Raman found that the near-death experience occurred when the patient was in a state of death without brain waves and electrocardiogram. Moreover, the near-death experience has nothing to do with the drug effect and the patient's psychological factors. The depth of near-death experience has nothing to do with the patient's condition. After the near-death experience, most patients have a new understanding of the meaning of life, and they are no longer too worried about losing material benefits or fearing death. This experience has not passed with time, or there has been a substantial memory deviation. Studies at home and abroad show that although the content of near-death experience described by different individuals is different, it has obvious consistency and universality, and has a wide range of extraordinary content. Social psychology, education level, occupation, marriage, personality and tendency also have different degrees of influence on the content of near-death experience. Feng Zhiying's research shows that when men think faster than women, they feel more. Unmarried people have more experiences of extra sensory perception and the destruction of the world than married people; The higher the education level, the clearer the thinking, the more feelings, and the lower the education level, the more out-of-body experience, life experience in non-earthly fields, strangeness of the body and unreality of the world; Farmers and unemployed people have more experiences of slow time or pause and abnormal body feeling, and cadres and workers have more sudden awakening; People who believe in ghosts and gods and fate often feel like playing another person. "Once bitten, twice shy." Even so, the psychological changes of people who have accepted death and returned to the world are so subtle! According to the research report of Feng Zhiying and his collaborators, among the 8 1 subjects, 47 people had personality changes before and after the near-death experience. People who have a clear thinking about near-death experience are changeable and docile; It is blindly optimistic or impatient to "meet" non-earthly people or people whose souls, thoughts or actions are not controlled by consciousness and are judged. After "coming back from the dead", most people still remember the near-death experience at that time, and it is still unforgettable after ten or twenty years. But there are many theories about the mechanism of near-death experience, which can be roughly divided into two categories. But any theory must be able to explain how the brain processes and stores near-death experiences when it doesn't work properly or stops working. A dying man described: I feel that my body is divided into two parts, one lying in bed, just an empty shell; The other one is floating in the air, and it is his own figure. What's it like to die? Does everyone feel the same when they die? Scientists have made a detailed study of this, providing people with subtle sensory information at the junction of life and death. This is the near-death experience. 1892, Swiss address scientist Heim gave a phenomenological description of the near-death experience for the first time according to the report of the climber. Subsequently, many scholars investigated and studied this. China's study of near-death experience has also begun. According to Feng Zhiying, dean of Tianjin Anding Hospital, who took the lead in introducing this foreign research into China, the near-death process is a psychological change in the process of death, which takes a long time, but the near-death experience occurs at the critical moment of sudden death and lasts for a short time. At present, there are about 40 near-death experiences reported at home and abroad. The theory and practice of psychiatry prove that people have no fear at the critical moment of death and feel particularly calm and happy, which is conducive to prolonging life; On the contrary, any agitation, panic or dying grief will quickly consume the energy reserves in the body and accelerate the arrival of death. Example [Edit this paragraph] Feng Zhiying and his colleagues investigated the near-death experience of Tangshan earthquake survivors in 1976. Although only 8 1 valid survey data were obtained, it is indeed the largest sample collected in the history of near-death experience research in the world. According to statistical analysis, more than half of these survivors look back on their lives when they are dying, and nearly half of them feel that their consciousness is separated from themselves, and their image is separated from their bodies and floated into the air. My body is divided into two parts, one is lying in bed, just an empty shell, and the other is my body, lighter than air, wobbling in the air and feeling extremely comfortable; About one-third of people have a strange feeling that they are passing through a tunnel or tunnel-like space, sometimes accompanied by some strange noise and feeling of being pulled or squeezed; About a quarter of people have experienced the phenomenon of "meeting" an unreal person or soul. Most of these people are deceased relatives or living acquaintances and seem to be reunited with them. A girl surnamed Liu, who was only 23 years old at the time of the Tangshan earthquake, was injured by a collapsed house and never stood up again. Describing her near-death experience before being rescued, she said: My thinking is particularly clear and my thinking is obviously accelerated. Some pleasant life scenes flashed through my mind like movies. When I was a child, I laughed and played with my friends, the joy of falling in love, the joy of being commended by the factory ... I strongly experienced the joy and happiness of life! She said, I will spend my life in a wheelchair, but every time I recall that feeling, I know I have to live well! "I feel like I'm flying on the ceiling, flying high, and there's a (my) body lying on the hospital bed. I clearly felt its pulse and breathing. " This is an out-of-body experience that a psychiatrist told his peers. "I'm really surprised at this." "I feel that my thinking is particularly clear. Some scenes of my past life flashed in my mind like a lens. There are scenes of winning prizes when I was a child, and scenes of excitement when I got married, just like' panoramic memories' of life. "At that time, I was not afraid, nor painful, nor did I miss my loved ones, just like losing my feelings." This is Dean Feng's research on 8 1 cases of near-death experience among survivors of Tangshan earthquake, and 4 1 case tells a similar short-term experience. Example 2 A man named Fred. Scoon Scoon Mark's doctor was consecrated in Denver, Colorado. When he was the director of cardiovascular department in St. Luke's Hospital, he reported that one of his female patients had an out-of-body experience when she was experiencing near-death experience. The patient was blind, but when he was out of body experience, he "saw" fourteen people in the room. Although she can't distinguish colors, she can "see" objects when she is out of body experience, and can accurately describe what happened in the operating room. Dr. Scooby-Doo Mack said that it was as if the female patient really saw it: her description was completely consistent with the facts (The Other Side of Life: Exploration of Near-Death Experience, Evelyn Else Vallarino, 1997, pp. 89-90). The other side of life: exploring the near-death phenomenon-experiencing Evelyn Elsaesser Valarino, 1997, P89-90). Example 3 in M.B. Sabom (M.B, 1982, memorial of Death, London, Corgi), it is recorded that a young American woman is undergoing cerebral aneurysm resection. Fortunately, she came back to life. It is reported that she had a deep near-death experience when she died, including out-of-body experience, and saw various tools and detailed surgical procedures given to her by the doctor. It was confirmed that everything she saw was completely consistent with the facts at that time. It can be seen that the out-of-body experience of the soul is a verifiable objective existence, which lays a solid foundation for the study of near-death experience. In her other book Beyond the Light, Dr Raymond Moody mentioned the near-death experience of a nine-year-old girl. After she was rescued from appendectomy, she recalled: "I heard them say that my heart stopped beating." Find yourself floating on the ceiling and look down. I can see everything from there. Then I went to the corridor and saw my mother crying. Then a beautiful lady came up to me and wanted to help me because she knew I was afraid. We walked through a tunnel. The tunnel is dark and long. We walked very fast. At the end of the tunnel, there is a bright lamp. I am very happy. "