Indoor environmental health

Creating a healthy indoor microenvironment, saving materials and energy in the whole construction period, eliminating toxic materials, making them harmless to human health, pollution-free to the environment, in line with ecological requirements, and forming a balanced and open ecosystem are the ways to achieve indoor health.

Five principles must be followed to realize indoor environmental health.

Ecological principles. The indoor environment is man-made, which can be considered as an artificial ecosystem and a part of the whole sustainable development environment. The improvement of indoor air environment quality must follow the ecological principle and realize a healthy and ecological building environment.

The principle of harmony and nature. Adhering to the natural environment means respecting nature on the basis of humanization. The combination of man and nature is: through the indoor and outdoor visual cycle, people can overlook the natural scenery, set up greening indoors, choose natural decorative materials, and realize the naturalization of vision; Through natural ventilation, the indoor air is kept fresh and people's sense of smell is naturalized; Through seeing, smelling and feeling, feelings are finally naturalized. Indoor naturalization is to integrate man and nature, maintain the direct and indirect connection between man and nature, and achieve the realm of "harmony between man and nature".

The principle of energy saving and high efficiency. Choose durable, low energy storage and heat insulation building materials to maintain the comfort of indoor environment with low energy consumption. Passive methods are used to provide cooling, heating, ventilation and lighting for buildings. Adopt efficient materials and lighting facilities, and use the recycling and ecological effects of the building itself to achieve high efficiency and energy saving. The purpose of high efficiency and energy saving is to reduce the demand for resources and reduce the load on the environment.

Principles of resource regeneration. Give priority to the use of renewable building materials, minimize the utilization rate of non-renewable resources, and embody the principle of sustainable development. A large number of building materials mainly come from recycled materials, which is the best way to dispose of waste materials, such as decorative materials and recycled plastics. In addition, building materials have the value of reuse, and many components removed in building reconstruction have the value of utilization.

The principle of health and non-toxicity. Many modern interior decoration materials are chemical products, which will cause the spread of toxic substances. The way to establish a harmless indoor environment is to use harmless materials to remove harmful substances indoors and outdoors, rather than polluting materials, to avoid the influence of lead, mercury, asbestos, volatile gases and carbon dioxide. Correct construction and reasonable use of materials can feed the discharge of harmful substances, reduce the impact on human body and environment, and ensure indoor air quality.

What is a healthy house?

According to the definition of the World Health Organization, "healthy residence" refers to the residence that can make the residents in a completely good state physically, psychologically and socially. The specific criteria are:

(1) The concentration of chemicals that can cause allergy is very low;

(2) In order to meet the requirements of the first point, plywood and wall decoration materials containing volatile chemicals should be avoided as far as possible;

(3) Equipped with ventilation equipment with good ventilation performance, indoor pollutants can be discharged outdoors, especially for indoor rooms in buildings with high air tightness and strong thermal insulation, central ventilation system with air ducts must be used for regular ventilation;

(4) Set local exhaust equipment in the kitchen stove or smoking place;

(5) Living room, bedroom, kitchen, kitchen, corridor, bathroom, etc. It should be kept at 17 ~ 27% all the year round;

(6) Indoor humidity is kept between 40% and 70% all the year round;

(7) Carbon dioxide should be less than1000 ppm; ;

(8) The concentration of suspended dust should be lower than 0.65438 0.5mg/m2;

(9) The noise should be less than 50 decibels;

(10) Ensure sunshine for more than 3 hours in one day;

(1 1) Provide lighting equipment with sufficient brightness;

(12) The residence has sufficient ability to resist natural disasters;

(13) The per capita building area is sufficient to ensure privacy;

(14) The residence should be convenient for caring for the elderly and the disabled;

(15) Because the building materials contain harmful volatile organic compounds, all houses can only be moved in at intervals after completion, during which air exchange is required.

Microclimate refers to a comprehensive index of indoor temperature, humidity and airflow. In addition to acting directly on the body, they can also act on the living environment around the human body and affect the living conditions of human beings, thus indirectly affecting human health.

Temperature is an important factor of microclimate, which has certain influence on the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases. Too cold and too hot temperatures can also lead to decreased immunity. The suitable indoor temperature varies with seasons, which is 24 ~ 28℃ in summer and 19 ~ 22℃ in winter. At the same time, we should try our best to achieve uniform temperature at all points and keep it constant in time. The average temperature difference (the temperature difference between the inner wall of the external wall and any place in the room) is not more than 2℃, and the vertical temperature difference (the difference degree per meter height) is not more than 3℃.

The relative temperature is too high or too low, which has an important impact on the health and living conditions of residents. Generally, it is between 30% and 70%, and it is advisable not to exceed 70%.

Different air velocities have different effects on human body. Air flow in summer can promote heat dissipation of human body, and air flow in winter can make human body feel cold, so wind speed plays an important role in heat balance of human body.

From June 65438 to June 996, the central topics of the second UN-Habitat Conference were "adequate housing for all" and "sustainable development of human settlements in the process of urbanization". China Municipal Government submitted the Report on the Development of Human Settlements in People's Republic of China (PRC) to the General Assembly, and put forward the Action Plan for the Development of Human Settlements in China 1996-20 10, which marked that the development of human settlements in China entered the stage of pursuing "green housing". Relevant statistics show that the demand for urban housing in China will increase by 3.668 billion square meters in the next 10 year. We must pay attention to the "green" problem from three aspects.

First of all, we must choose green building materials as much as possible. According to the survey of the United Nations Health Organization, 30% of newly-built and rebuilt buildings in the world have indoor air harmful to health, and these harmful gases have led to the increase of global population morbidity and mortality. At present, indoor air pollution has been listed as five major environmental factors that endanger public health.

Secondly, the newly developed buildings must be conducive to the establishment of a virtuous cycle system with the ecological environment, that is, the construction of "green" buildings. Green buildings should minimize the damage to the biosphere, care about users, promote the communication between people and the natural environment, and be flexible enough to adapt to the application and development of science and technology in the future. The system has the characteristics of saving land, water and energy, reducing environmental pollution, prolonging building life and improving ecological environment.

Third, buildings should also have "green" planning. With the deepening of the all-round influence of "green culture" on China residents' food, clothing, housing and transportation, "green planning" is an inevitable choice.

Green building is a comprehensive application of contemporary architectural, ecological and other technical and scientific achievements, which will build the house into a small ecosystem and provide residents with a vibrant, natural, convenient, comfortable, energy-saving and pollution-free living environment. The "green" here is not a three-dimensional greening and roof garden in the general sense, but a sign that it is harmless to the environment. It means that this kind of building can improve people's quality of life and the environmental quality of contemporary and future generations without destroying the ecological environment. Its "green" essence is the end-to-end connection of material system, which is efficient, harmonious, open and closed. By establishing the circulation system of natural air, moisture, energy and other substances inside and outside the building, the "green" building is designed and endowed with ecological culture education and artistic connotation.

Green building refers to a house that can make full use of environmental natural resources without affecting the basic ecology of the environment. Therefore, ecologists generally call it environmental architecture.

Green building is not only beneficial to the protection of small environment and big environment, but also very beneficial to human health. In order to make use of the environment and benefit human health, green houses have their own unique characteristics in design and construction.

(1) Green houses have special requirements for their geographical conditions. The soil has no toxic substances, the ground temperature is suitable, the groundwater is pure and the geomagnetic field is moderate;

(2) Green houses are built entirely of natural materials such as wood, bark, bamboo, stone, lime, etc. These building materials must be inspected to ensure that they are non-toxic and harmless, have heat insulation function, and are conducive to the integration of heating and hot water supply, so as to improve thermal efficiency and fully save energy. In hot areas, it also slows down the transmission of outdoor high temperature to indoor;

(3) Green houses will be equipped with solar energy devices or wind power generation devices according to the specific conditions of the geographical environment, making full use of the natural renewable energy provided by the environment to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution and saving energy;

The discharge of waste should be carried out in the greenhouse during the day.

It can be seen that the emergence of green buildings indicates that the world construction industry is facing a new revolution. This revolution is beneficial to ecology, health, saving energy and resources, facilitating life and work, and puts forward new ideas on the design, materials and structure of the construction industry. Green building is no longer a beautiful idea of eco-environmental experts, but has become a reality in some countries.