Some scholars estimate that there were about 654.38 million to 654.38 million corrupt officials during Zhu Yuanzhang's reign of 3 1 year. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang summed up the lessons of the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, and thought that the lax discipline and the indulgence of officials intensified class contradictions and led to peasant uprisings, which was the main reason for the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. To this end, he strongly advocated that "at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the discipline should be corrected first" and "stubborn traitors" should be severely punished. He once said: "When I was among the people, I saw that state and county officials were too unsympathetic to the people, often greedy for money and lust, wasting alcohol, and the people were indifferent to their sufferings. I hated it." Now it is necessary to strictly legislate against it. Anyone who encounters official corruption and people's harm will be unforgiven. Based on this understanding, "ruling officials with heavy code" became the guiding ideology of politics and legislation in the Ming Dynasty, especially in the early Ming Dynasty. Criminal law: skinning Zhu Yuanzhang-the emperor who killed the most corrupt officials. After Zhu Yuanzhang became the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, he spared no effort to fight corruption, killing the most corrupt officials in China feudal society for more than two thousand years. Some scholars estimate that there were about 654.38 million to 654.38 million corrupt officials during Zhu Yuanzhang's reign of 3 1 year. At that time, officials from the government to counties and counties in 13 province were rarely filled, and most of them were killed. He issued the most severe anti-corruption law in history: anyone who embezzles more than 62 yuan will be executed immediately! "In his punishment of corrupt officials, the most famous one is that at the end of the year, people are tied to posts and cut slowly with a knife; He invented stripping grass and filling grass, that is, after a corrupt official was executed, he peeled the skin of the corrupt official, and then stuffed straw in the skin to make a scarecrow and hung it next to the public seat for everyone to visit; He created a policy that feudal rulers never dreamed of in the past, that is, he stipulated that ordinary people could tie up corrupt officials as soon as they found them and send them to Beijing for punishment, and all checkpoints on the road must be released. Anyone who dares to stop them will not only be put to death, but also involve nine families! The three cases of flogging Zhu Yuanzhang against corruption and punishing corruption in the early Ming Dynasty stipulated that every year, all ministries, states and counties should send accountants to the household department to report the local financial revenue and expenditure accounts and the number of all the money valleys owned by Zhu Yuanzhang. The figures of the government and ministries, ministries and departments, and the family department must be exactly the same. If there is a slight mistake, it will be rejected and the account books will be rebuilt, and the official seal of the original yamen will be affixed. Being far away from the Ministry of Finance, in order to avoid going back and forth, officials of provincial offices kept blank account books with official seals in advance and filled them in at any time to prevent refutation. The blank household registration book is covered with a seal, which is not used for other purposes, and the household department never interferes. In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Ming Taizu was furious when he learned of the air printing. He decided that a major case of collusion and fraud between officials and businessmen had been discovered and ordered to be dealt with strictly. Those who keep seals from the ministers of the Ministry of Housing to various places will be beheaded from the second left, with a staff of 100, and exiled to the frontier. There are many people involved in this case, and hundreds of people have been killed. Guo Heng case and Guo Heng case were major corruption cases in the early Ming Dynasty. Guo Heng, Assistant Minister of Housing, colluded with six central departments and local officials to embezzle taxes and deposit them all over the country. In the eighteenth year of Hongwu (1385), he was accused. Zhu Yuanzhang severely punished them and executed hundreds of people under six assistant ministers. Local officials implicated thousands of people in prison and many large and medium-sized landlords went bankrupt. In order to control the Xifan minority areas in Lunouyang, the Ming Dynasty exchanged tea from the Central Plains for horses in Xifan, and regarded this tea as a strategic material, and it was forbidden to export it privately. Xu's husband, Lun Ouyang, used his royal family to let his men smuggle tea. These people use official cars in local areas, break through without authorization, pay no taxes, and refuse to take charge. They are arbitrary officials who fight against Chu and control customs. The local gatekeeper was unbearable and reported to Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yuanzhang was very angry when he got this information. He arrested and killed Lun Ouyang and resolutely put him to death. Zhu Yuanzhang's measures to severely punish officials Zhu Yuanzhang believes that it is a serious drawback for officials to manage corruption. "If this shortcoming is not corrected, it is impossible to achieve good governance." So the focus of the early Ming Dynasty was to punish corrupt officials. Daming Law is a decree and regulation of Ming Dynasty in China, which was formulated in detail by the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, summing up the experience of law enforcement in past dynasties and the lessons of Daming Law. Daming Law adapts to the development of the situation, changes its style, adjusts the name of punishment, affirms the change of personal status in the early Ming Dynasty, attaches importance to economic legislation, shows the relative independence of various departments' laws in style, expands the scope of civil law, and presents new characteristics in the combination of "ceremony" and "law". Perfecting the law and perfecting the system In view of the corruption of officials, Zhu Yuanzhang established a strict legal system, which was composed of some imperial edicts other than Ming laws, big treasures, iron bars and laws. Criminal law is the main part of Daming Law. Among them, there is a special "bribery" door, which stipulates "bending the law to accept bribes", "80 piercings and tattoos" for officials, and "120 piercings and strangulation" for officials. Commit "Don't bend the law and steal goods" with 120 sticks and 100 sticks, and flow for 3,000 miles. At the same time, it is stipulated: "Any prison officer who borrows money from the Ministry by force is considered as not bending the law, and those who take it by force are bending the law and giving property to the Lord." If the law enforcement censor, the governor and other "Fengxian officials" commit stolen goods, they will be given second-class punishment. Officials who commit stolen goods will be removed from the list, and officials will go on strike, never. For the corruption of stealing money and grain from the warehouse, the Ming law stipulates that "crime is equal to stolen goods", and the words "stealing official money (grain)" are tattooed on the criminal's right arm, which is a lifelong shame and 40% of the stolen goods are cut off. The laws of the Ming dynasty also stipulated severe punishment for officials asking for bribes. In addition, the Ming law also stipulates that those who accept bribes and bend the law will be given heavier punishment. Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang compiled Ming Dazhao as an anti-corruption textbook. Zhu Yuanzhang strengthened the supervision of officials' power through various means to prevent and discover the corruption and illegality of officials, with emphasis on this. The following means and methods were mainly adopted: First, the Imperial History Desk (later changed to Duchayuan) was set up to investigate the local "officials' merits, political gains and losses, customs' beauty and evils, military and civilian advantages and disadvantages" and "bring them to justice". Seven items of supervision were gradually upgraded to positive two items, and six other departments were set up to take charge of administrative supervision. 13. The second is to regularly assess officials. There are eight inspection criteria for dealing with corrupt officials: greed, coldness, impetuousness, slowness, old age, illness and unwillingness. The third is to use secret service agencies to participate in the supervision and punishment of officials. The main secret service agency is proofreading, whose duty is to "listen to officials in Beijing's big and small government offices and listen to all unfair and illegal things", thus secretly picketing corrupt officials. The fourth is to establish a system in which people take harm from the people and officials take harm from the people, and to supervise corruption and illegal activities with the help of the people. The order of the first year of Hongwu: If the forehead is closed, "Xu Min will take it to a certain department, which will ignore it and take it to Beijing to discuss the crime and order it." In the 19th year of Hongwu, he ordered: "In the future, if an official is in charge of punishment, it will be in the name of right and wrong, not for the people", or "uneven rent and tax, poor people selling wealth" or "simplifying complexity", "encouraging people to bring into Beijing with a strong rate in high years" and "those who dare to stop will be guided by family law". In order to form a greater deterrent to corrupt officials, Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, abused a large number of extra-judicial heavy sentences, and the punishment methods were outrageous. He ordered all states and counties to set up "Pichang Temple" to skin corrupt officials alive in the crowd, and then make adult leather bags and hang them in front of the yamen as a warning. According to statistics, among the 56 entries in Ming Da Hao Han Case 128 were officials128, among which 43 were punished for corrupt officials; Most of them belong to "cases involving a large number of people and the most serious murder." The first edition of Ming Dahao stipulates that officials "bribe people so that those who are wronged will not extend, and those who waste them will ignore them. Even if they are punished, they will die." The third edition of Dahao stipulates that people captured by officials will be "executed by themselves, with no property, and the population will move out of China." In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, asked the people to "fight for Beijing" for provincial, prefectural and county officials who "made money by harming the people" and tried to use the people's strength to supervise and punish corrupt officials. During the Hongwu period, only in the case of autumn grain corruption, corrupt officials "died tens of thousands." Why "I want to get rid of corrupt officials, but I don't want to kill them" and "severely punish officials" may have some effect for a while, but with the passage of time, its initial deterrent effect has been greatly weakened, and with the increase of vested interests, opponents either explicitly or implicitly resisted and finally had to give up. As Zhu Yuanzhang lamented, "I want to get rid of corrupt officials, but I can't kill them." The most famous Hu case and Lan Yu case in Hongwu period lasted 14 years, involving more than 45,000 dead people. Later, the air India case and the corruption case in Guo Huan caused an uproar again. Not only officials were severely punished, but also the memorial service spread to many rich people all over the country, leading to the bankruptcy of a large number of rich people. The absolute authority of imperial power led to the top-down iron fist anti-corruption action and inherent disadvantages. The proliferation of extra-judicial punishment shows that Zhu Yuanzhang has no intention of establishing a perfect legal system that can operate on his own, and more focuses on balancing bureaucratic groups. Therefore, a reasonable and effective supervision mechanism is even more unnecessary or even non-existent. Imperial power pursues a balanced result of "the top leader has the final say", so it is natural that there is no need for "procedural justice" to pursue this result. Therefore, factional struggles and games often use bureaucracy as a cover to suppress opponents and attack enemies. As a tactical master, Zhu Yuanzhang certainly became the leader and beneficiary of the struggle of various factions. During the Hongwu period, the most famous cases of Hu and Lan Yu lasted 14 years, involving more than 45,000 deaths. Later, Guo Huan's air printing case and corruption case caused another uproar. Not only many officials were severely punished, but the memorial service also spread to many rich families across the country, leading to the bankruptcy of a large number of rich people. This can't help but make people wonder: is this behavior of making big money the result of catching rabbits or one of the original direct purposes? Anti-corruption presents amplification and uncertainty, and interests become a permanent factor in pursuit. Zhu Yuanzhang's anti-corruption shows obvious characteristics of amplification and uncertainty, and once the anti-corruption involves the game of interest groups, there will inevitably be a trend of amplification. Although some corrupt officials will be punished, some rich and heartless people will be punished, and some places will be relatively peaceful and the people will rejoice. However, most of these so-called "achievements" are just by-products of the power struggle. The expansion makes anti-corruption more or less uncertain. Although everyone may be the beneficiary of an upper-class game, they may also be inexplicably involved and become victims. Due to excessive punishment, from the first year of Hongwu (1368) to the nineteenth year of Hongwu (1386), none of the administrative officials in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other places fulfilled their term of office, and often failed the examination and were demoted or beheaded. In Zhu Yuanzhang's own words: "Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the construction directors in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fuzhou have not made up for it." Doesn't this phenomenon mean that in Zhu Yuanzhang's era, anti-corruption was only a tool, not a real government? Anti-corruption lacks both symptoms and root causes, and severe punishment can only be achieved by the predecessor "arresting" his successor. What Zhu Yuanzhang didn't expect was that the root of corruption was not that his measures to punish corruption were not strict, but that China's corrupt culture was too deep-rooted. In the traditional China society, because political power covers all aspects of social life, the restriction on power is weak, and opportunities for corruption are everywhere. Zhu Yuanzhang's low salary system aggravated the spread of corruption. History says that "the official salary is the thinnest" in Ming Dynasty. The monthly salary of a first-level official is eighty-seven stone, four-level twenty-four stone, and seven-level seven stone and five buckets. Synthetic silver, the monthly income of a county magistrate is only five taels, which is about 1000 yuan in current currency. Without corruption, officials of the Ming Dynasty could not live at all. However, from the moral point of view, Zhu Yuanzhang believes that officials should be dedicated and dedicated for free; Zhu Yuanzhang's belief that violence and intimidation can replace all other efforts to create a pure and pure world without corruption has become unrealistic and has no constraint to consciously abide by in the face of a strong tradition of corruption and the right of officials to survive. It is not surprising that corruption is difficult to eradicate. Conclusion: Anti-corruption is divided into several levels. It is not enough to make people dare not be greedy by strict laws. There must also be systems and supervision to make people not greedy, treatment and responsibility to make people not greedy, and awareness and morality to make people not greedy. Only in this way can we truly curb corruption and curb corruption. In the final analysis, punishment is not an end, and the fundamental way to control corruption is the guarantee of system and life, supplemented by the embodiment of value and spiritual satisfaction.