1898 March 6. China and Germany sign Jiaoao Concession Treaty. According to the treaty, Germany leased Qingdao for 99 years, covering an area of 55 1.5 square kilometers, and Germany obtained the right to build the Ji Jiao railway and the mining right along the line. Since then, Qingdao has become a colony of Germany, and Shandong is Germany's sphere of influence.
Von Spee, deputy commander of the German navy (1861-1914), was the first senior general in the German navy to attach importance to the value of Qingdao. Born in Copenhagen, Denmark, Von Spee joined the Imperial German Navy in 1878 and served in Africa.
Von Spee took office in May 1896 and began to look for a stronghold for Germany. 1June, 896, proposed to the German emperor to occupy Jiaozhou Bay. At the end of the same year, the German naval command submitted a draft of the partial occupation of East Asian cruisers, which was approved by the Kaiser.
Since 1869, German experts have been sent to China to inspect and select port locations. The investigation report of Richthofen, a famous German geologist, praised Shandong's geographical position, mineral resources and products. In August of the same year, Dillis, commander of the German Far East Fleet and Navy, investigated the military and economic value of Jiaozhou Bay and decided that Jiaozhou Bay was the most suitable harbor.
1in April, 896, Germany appointed Major General Tirpitz as commander of the Far East Fleet, and gave him the order: "Look for places where Germany can build military bases and economic bases along the coast of China". In August, Tirpitz came to Jiaozhou Bay by warship, and thought Jiaozhou Bay was the most ideal target.
1897 In August, on the eve of Germany's invasion of Jiaozhou Bay, France, the architectural consultant of the German military department and the harbor engineering supervisor, was sent to China to make a more secret inspection of Jiaozhou Bay. In the investigation report, Francois recorded and studied nearly 30 projects in Jiaozhou Bay in detail, including location, topography, port, area, island, wind power, tidal range, address, drinking water, residents, industry and commerce, etc. He found that the entrance of Jiaozhou Bay was deep enough to pass the largest ocean-going ship. After entering the port, the water surface is two miles wide and the bottom is a deep-water basin. Starting from this basin, a trench about 4 miles long and over 65,438+0,000 meters wide extends along the east coast. At low tide, it is still 6 meters deep, which is very suitable for port construction. This shows the depth of German research.
1897, Germany used two missionaries to be killed in Juye county, Shandong province (Juye religious case). 165438+ 10 13, Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered Li Lishi, commander of the German Far East Fleet in Shanghai, to lead a fleet of three German warships to the north, and arrived in Jiaozhou Bay under the leadership of Commander von Dietrich, and anchored in Qianhai.
Dillis issued an order to occupy Jiaozhou Bay to the whole fleet, instructing to avoid fighting as much as possible and adopt a plan to easily achieve the occupation goal without bloodshed. The German navy took the lead in attacking Fort China, and then the army landed and occupied Jiaozhou Bay.
A year later, that is,1898165438+1October 14 years later, Germany erected a monument in Qingdao to commemorate the German occupation of Qingdao, and it was also named "Dietrich Stone" in recognition of the achievements of German commander von Dietrich in the occupation of Qingdao. As a military feat worthy of showing off, the occupying forces recorded the Germans in detail. Of course, for the people of China, this is a symbol of losing their rights and humiliating their country.
1897165438+1October 14, and the second fleet also set off from Germany for Qingdao immediately. The German Second Fleet, commanded by the German Prince and Major General Prince Herridge, arrived in Jiaozhou Bay on May 5 of the following year. Prince Herridge is the younger brother of German Emperor William II. In the present Laoshan Mountain in Qingdao, there is a place called "1898 camp", and two lines are engraved on a huge stone: "1898. 195438+02. Plinsbud ". The previous day should be "18". This second line is German, which means "Prince/Prince Bathing Place". This stone was carved in memory of German Prince Herridge's visit to Qingdao in 1898.
After Germany invaded Qingdao, Taiping Road along the coast was renovated and named William Street after German emperor William. 190 1 year, German Governor Ye died in Jiaoao, and the Governor Ye Memorial Tower was built to the east of Qingdao Bay (now the southern end of Qingdao Road). There are 12 bronze medals on the main body of the hexagonal memorial tower, and the bronze medal facing Taiping Road is engraved with the portrait of Governor Ye, which was completed in March 1903.
19 14 After Japan invaded Qingdao, the bronze statue and inscription on the memorial tower were removed and the road was changed to "Wuhe Town". 1922, after the Beiyang government recovered Qingdao, it was named Taiping Road. The memorial tower was renamed as "Qingdao Receiving Memorial Tower", and the words "China Receiving Qingdao Memorial Tower" were engraved on the monument.
1938 After Japan invaded Qingdao for the second time, it was changed to "Great East Asia Jihad Memorial Tower".
1945 After Japan surrendered, the Qingdao Municipal Government of the Republic of China renamed it "Seeing Mountains and Rivers Again".
The four characters "Nian Tower" and "Mountains and Rivers Rise Again" were inscribed by Li Xianliang, then the mayor of Qingdao.
This memorial tower was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution in August. 1966.
Germany occupied Qingdao (3)
After Germany occupied JIAOZHOU Bay, it established the highest authority in the area, named "the Governor's Office of Dejiaoao". During the period of 1897- 19 14, all the candidates for governor of dejiaoao came from the German navy, which shows the influence and dominance of the German navy over Qingdao.
In April, Germany appointed Luo Shenda, a naval senior colonel, as the first governor of Jiaoao. Later, he was replaced nine times, each time as a naval senior colonel. The list of successive governors in Governor Gao De's office is as follows:
Roshenda (German Navy Colonel 1898.4 ~ 1899.2)
Ye (German Navy Colonel1899.2 ~1901.1)
Rohlman (agent, German Navy Colonel1901.1~1901.6)
Tolber (German Navy Colonel/KOOC-0/90/KOOC-0/.6 ~/KOOC-0/904./KOOC-0//KOOC-0/)
Wang Ran Meron (agent, German Navy Colonel1904.1~1906.8)
Tolber (German Navy Colonel 1906.8 ~ 1909.4)
Melwadek (agent, German Navy Colonel1909.4 ~1910.4)
Tolber (German Navy Colonel1910.4 ~191.5)
Heiner (agent, German Navy Colonel191.5 ~11)
Melwadek (German Navy Colonel191.11~1914.11)
Since then, the Germans have been stationed in Qingdao on a large scale, taking Qingdao as a fortress. On June 1898, 17, the German army deployed the 3rd Infantry Brigade and Artillery Brigade of JIAOZHOU Navy (according to the later deployment, the name of the unit was changed to 1 180, including the battalion of the 3rd Infantry Brigade of the Navy, 4 infantry squadrons and/kloc-0 cavalry and machine gun squadrons. )
The German garrison in Qingdao includes three battalions of sailors, 1 company of naval field artillery and engineers, 1 squadron of cavalry, 1 naval field hospital. There are also the garrison fire station, artillery bureau and mining bureau (which was changed into a library in April 1907). On the eve of World War I, the German garrison in Qingdao consisted of about 2,500 people (2,300 people on weekdays) from three naval brigades and four artillery companies.
After the outbreak of World War I, German troops in Beijing and other reserve forces were transferred to Qingdao for reinforcements. The number of officers reached 183, and the number of soldiers increased to 488 1 person (more than 4,300 people in five battalions). Together with the sailors aboard the Austro-Hungarian cruiser Queen Elizabeth, * * * defended Qingdao. Germany has more than 9,000 army and navy officers and men in Qingdao. Under the command of German Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy in Qingdao, Melwadek.
German batteries in various mountainous areas of Qingdao include Bismarck Mountain North Battery, Bismarck Mountain South Battery and temporary field battery. Among them, the North Fort of Bismarck Mountain (called the No.1 12 Fort by the Germans) is equipped with two 2 10 mm cannons; The south (west) battery of Bismarck Mountain (called Bismarck Mountain Battery by the Germans) is equipped with four 280mm howitzers.
1900 and 19 10, the German authorities made the urban development plan of Qingdao twice, which changed the urban appearance of Qingdao.
The German army took the Haibo River as the dividing line between the urban area and the suburbs, demolished most of the villages in the urban area and rebuilt the fortresses and barracks of the former Qing army. Only the Tianhou Palace, the yamen of the General's Office (demolished on 1959), the trestle and Qingdao Fort (Yamen Fort) are left in the original buildings.
1900, when the German authorities formulated the urban planning, Baoding Road, Dexian Road, Guanhaishan, Signal Mountain, Qingdao Mountain and Taiping Mountain east of the railway station were divided into German areas, which were built according to German building standards, forming a commercial area centered on Zhongshan Road and Guangxi Road, an administrative area centered on the German colonial governor's office and an eastern residential area, thus forming today's European urban landscape area in southern Qingdao.
A Chinese business circle was planned and built in Qingdao Dabao Island (now Sifang Road and Jiaozhou Road), and then residential areas such as Baoxiaodao (Yidu Road), Baoding Road and Xiaogang North were planned, while the original villagers in Qingdao who were forcibly relocated were placed in Taixi and Taidong. These residential areas have different architectural features, but the quality and style are far less than those of German residential areas.