Ganoderma lucidum, also known as Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum, Cao Xian and Cao Rui, is the whole grass of Ganoderma lucidum or Ganoderma lucidum in Polyporaceae. According to the first drug monograph in China, Shennong Herbal Classic, there are six kinds of Ganoderma lucidum: purple, red, blue, yellow, white and black, which are sweet in nature. Ganoderma lucidum is native to eastern Asia. In ancient China, Ganoderma lucidum was regarded as immortal and brought back to life. Ganoderma lucidum is mainly distributed in China, Korean Peninsula and Japan. Ganoderma lucidum generally grows in forests with high humidity and dark light, mainly on decaying trees or their roots. The word Ganoderma lucidum first appeared in Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu" in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Stone-soaking bacteria are on the cliff, and Ganoderma lucidum is Zhu Ke".

[Edit this paragraph] Species overview

Ganoderma lucidum is also known as Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes and Ganoderma lucidum. The source of Ganoderma lucidum of Polyporaceae is the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum or Ganoderma lucidum of Polyporaceae. Origin: cultivation and harvesting in most parts of the country: harvesting all year round, removing impurities, cutting the lower stems with rotten wood, silt or culture medium, drying in the shade or drying at 40℃~ 50℃. Morphology of medicinal materials: Ganoderma lucidum: the shape of fungus cover is kidney-shaped, semi-circular or nearly circular, with a diameter of 10~ 18cm and a thickness of 1~2cm. Mushroom cap: the shell is hard, yellow-brown to reddish-brown, shiny, with annular ribs and radial wrinkles, and the edge is thin and flat, often slightly rolled in; Mushroom meat is white to light brown; Spores are small and yellow-brown: cylindrical, lateral, few, 7~ 15cm long and 1~3 in diameter. 5cm, reddish brown to purple brown, fresh: slightly fragrant, bitter. Characteristics of ganoderma lucidum: purple-black skin, lacquer-like luster; Mushroom meat is rusty brown. The stipe is 17 ~ 23 cm. The cultivated Ganoderma lucidum is characterized by thick and full fruiting bodies with a diameter of 12~22cm. Source of basic concept information: Institute of Microbiology, China Academy of Sciences. Ganoderma lucidum has two concepts in our concept: 1 In a broad sense, it refers to various ganoderma lucidum. There are more than 200 kinds of Ganoderma lucidum in the world, and there are more than 100 kinds in China. In ancient times, Ganoderma lucidum was distinguished according to six colors, which was understood from morphology, and there was no modern biotechnology. At present, the scientific classification of Ganoderma lucidum mainly distinguishes the types of Ganoderma lucidum through the structural diagram of basidiomycete cells. 2. In a narrow sense, because a variety of Ganoderma lucidum is a common representative variety, it is actually its scientific name, just to name people's habits and keep the general saying of Ganoderma lucidum: Ganoderma lucidum = Ganoderma lucidum. All descriptions, books and papers about Ganoderma lucidum in the medical database, including many medical workers, also use this name. Therefore, most medical discussions about the role of Ganoderma lucidum are based on Ganoderma lucidum. Of course, there are also some superstitious people who think that Ganoderma lucidum can be "life and death", which is just some legends. Perhaps there is something exaggerated and magnified about the magical effect of Ganoderma lucidum in the novel, but this is just the need of the plot and is not credible. Generally speaking, Ganoderma lucidum is only a kind of medicinal material with good effect, and different varieties have different effects. However, it does not rule out that Ganoderma lucidum really has the magical effect of "life and death, bones and muscles are born together", but at least it does not exist now. So we still have to believe in science, and we can't blindly think that Ganoderma lucidum is a magic medicine. The world distribution The species of Ganoderma lucidum in the world are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Australia, Africa and America, and a few are distributed in temperate zones. There are only four species of Ganoderma lucidum in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere in Europe, while there are about five species in North America. Our country spans tropical to cold temperate zone, and there are many kinds of Ganoderma lucidum, which are widely distributed. The natural distribution characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum fungi in China and China are more in the southeast and less in the northwest. If a diagonal line is drawn from Daxinganling in the northeast to southeast Tibet in the south, the distribution of Ganoderma lucidum can be divided into two completely different areas, which just shows that the distribution of Ganoderma lucidum species is consistent with the topography and ecological environment in China. At present, it is known that due to drought or cold, there is no natural condition for the reproduction and growth of Ganoderma lucidum in the west of the line, and only two varieties of Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma lucidum are distributed. There are few common ganoderma lucidum (Ganoderma lucidum) found in Qinghai, Xinjiang and Ningxia. The eastern part of this line can be divided into three distribution areas 1. Tropical Distribution: Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, southern Taiwan Province, Hainan and Hongkong. It also includes Xishuangbanna in Yunnan and southeastern Tibet. Typical tropical seasonal rain forest areas in these areas are tropical ganoderma lucidum (Ganoderma tropicum), heat-loving ganoderma lucidum (G. calidophilum), curved-handled ganoderma lucidum (G. flexipes), sessile ganoderma lucidum (G. resinaceum), thin-tree ganoderma lucidum (G. capense), dorsal-handled ganoderma lucidum (G. cochlea) and ganoderma lucidum (G. Koning). , Ganoderma lucidum (G. oroflavum), Ganoderma lucidum (G. valesiaum), Acacia nigricans (Amauroderma niger), Acacia rugosa (A. ruda), Acacia coffea (Humphreya) There are also Hainan Ganoderma lucidum (G. hainanense), Black Ganoderma lucidum (G. atrum) and Yellow Ganoderma lucidum (G. Atrum). G. rotundatum, G. theaecolum, G. fulvellum and G. magniporum. There are 66 species of Ganoderma lucidum (G. luteomarginatum), Ochra lucidum (G. ochrolaccatum), Cladosporium (G. gibbosum), Cladosporium rubber (G. philippii), Cladosporium triangulare (G. australe), Ganoderma nigrum, Ganoderma exiles, Ganoderma pubescens and Ganoderma sub-red, accounting for the known Ganoderma lucidum. A large number of new varieties of Ganoderma lucidum have also been found in this area. 2. Subtropical distribution: generally including the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River between the north of Nanling and Qinling Mountains. The representative plants in the evergreen broad-leaved forest in this area are Ganoderma lucidum, Boning Ganoderma lucidum, Sichuan Ganoderma lucidum, Dali Ganoderma lucidum, Sporopolyspora Ganoderma lucidum and Arched Ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderma sessile (G. mastoporum), Ganoderma lucidum in Central China (G. mediosinense), Glossostrea fusca (G. brownii), Glossostrea delavayi (G. lobatum), Ganoderma lucidum in Fujian, Glossostrea rugosa, and Ganoderma lucidum in Jiangxi. There are 25 species (Auricularia auricula, Microsporum, Auricularia auricula, etc. ), accounting for 25% of the total number of ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma lucidum are widely distributed. In addition, this area is the transition zone of Ganoderma lucidum distribution in China. 3. Temperate distribution: covering the northeast of Qinling Mountains to Daxinganling Mountains. Among them, the deciduous broad-leaved forest areas in southern Liaoning and northern China belong to warm temperate zone, while the vast northeast of northern Liaoning is dominated by middle temperate zone, and Xing 'anling area belongs to cold temperate coniferous forest area. At present, only Ganoderma lucidum (Ganoderma tsugae, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum) is distributed in this area. Tree tongue and ganoderma lucidum are the two most widely distributed species in China, the former is distributed in 27 provinces, and the latter is distributed in 19 provinces and regions. Ganoderma mongolicum was first discovered in northern Hebei province, and also distributed near Daxinganling in northern Inner Mongolia. At present, among the cultivated varieties, except Ganoderma lucidum (Ganoderma lucidum), Ganoderma tsugae has the best quality and large cultivation yield, which is widely distributed in Korea, Japan and Taiwan Province Province of China. At present, the above two kinds are the most artificially produced in China, followed by Ganoderma lucidum, whose output is low but not extensive. Among the known species in China, less than 10% is known through domestication and cultivation, which shows that there is great potential to domesticate excellent strains for moral education production or species with medicinal effects from wild species. Distribution of plant resources: 1. Ganoderma lucidum is produced in East China, Southwest China, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places and cultivated artificially. Sold all over the country. 2. Ganoderma lucidum is produced in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong and other places, and also cultivated artificially. Sold all over the country. Cultivation of medicinal plants and animals. Tang Shenwei's Compendium of Materia Medica and Reconstructing Literature and Evidence-based Materia Medica in Song Dynasty recorded the geographical environment of six kinds of Ganoderma lucidum in detail. There is a saying that "Chi Zhi gives birth to Huoshan, Qing Zhi gives birth to Mount Tai, Huang Zhi gives birth to Songshan, Bai Zhi gives birth to Huashan, Black Zhi gives birth to Changshan, and Zi Zhi gives birth to high mountains and summer valleys". In ancient times, "Huoshan" was the Dabie Mountain area at the junction of Hubei, Henan and Anhui provinces, so Dabie Mountain was the birthplace of Ganoderma lucidum. Dabie Mountain is located in the middle of East China and Central Plains, on the upper reaches of Huaihe River, on the boundary of China climate.

chemical composition

The chemical components of Ganoderma lucidum mainly contain ergosterol 0.3% ~ 0.4%, fungal lysozyme and acid protease, L- mannitol and holmium alcohol. The water-soluble extract contains water-soluble protein, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, leucine, alanine, tryptophan, threonine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine, serine and other amino acids, polypeptides and polysaccharides. It also contains resin, lactone, coumarin, etc. Ganoderma lucidum contains ergosterol, and the organic acids are ricinoleic acid and fumaric acid. In addition, it also contains amino acids, glucose, polysaccharide, resin and mannitol. Ganoderma lucidum generally has alkaloids, sterols, lactones, coumarins, acidic resins, amino acids, oils, reducing substances and other reactions. The chemical composition of Ganoderma lucidum is complex, which varies with different strains, strains' producing areas, cultivation methods, extraction techniques and preparation methods. The fruiting body, mycelium and spores of Ganoderma lucidum contain polysaccharides, nucleosides, furan derivatives, steroids, alkaloids, protein, peptides, amino acids, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, organic germanium and inorganic salts. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide is one of the main effective components of Ganoderma lucidum, which has anti-tumor, immunomodulation, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic and anti-aging effects. Ganoderma lucidum contains 100 kinds of triterpenoids, of which tetracyclic triterpenoids are the main ones. The bitterness of Ganoderma lucidum is related to the triterpenoids it contains. Triterpenoids are also one of the effective components of Ganoderma lucidum, which have cytotoxic effects on human liver cancer cells, can also inhibit the release of histamine, and have liver protection and antiallergic effects. The medicinal materials come from the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Former France. ) karst. Or China Ganoderma lucidum Zhao, Xu and so on. Harvest all year round, remove impurities, cut off the lower stems with dead wood, sediment or culture medium, and dry them in the shade or dry them at 40 ~ 50℃. It is a mushroom parasitic on the roots of oak trees and other broad-leaved trees. Umbrella-shaped, hard, wooden, with kidney-shaped or semi-circular cap, purple-brown and lacquer luster. It is distributed all over the country. Recently, artificial culture has appeared, and the morphology of the culture has changed, but the curative effect is the same.

Species type

Clear fat: Aron fat, sour, flat and non-toxic. Improving eyesight, nourishing liver, calming nerves and enhancing memory. Ganoderma lucidum: a kind of Danzhi, which is bitter, flat and non-toxic. Relieve the stagnation of the chest and stomach, tonify the middle energizer and replenish qi, and make people conscious. Huang Zhi: A Jin is sweet, flat and non-toxic. Benefiting spleen and stomach and calming nerves. White matter: the famous Yu Zhihe Su Zhi is pungent, flat and non-toxic. Cough relieving, lung benefiting, tranquilizing, and strengthening physical strength. Heizhi: A Xuanzhi, salty, flat and non-toxic. Benefiting waterways and kidney qi. Mu Zhi is sweet, mild and nontoxic. Benefiting essence and qi, strengthening bones and muscles, benefiting joints and treating fatigue. Modern people are called ganoderma lucidum, which is essentially different from the ganoderma lucidum referred to by the ancients. There are many kinds of Ganoderma lucidum in nature, most of which have no economic value and cannot be eaten. Ganoderma lucidum, according to the definition of the ancients, refers to an edible fungus with extremely high medical efficacy. In morphology, Ganoderma lucidum also has its own unique shape. (See the picture below) The shape of the stem of Ganoderma lucidum has the morphological characteristics of the joints of the limbs of walking animals, showing irregular shape and plant texture. Ganoderma lucidum leaves are shaped like the hearts and kidneys of animals, and more than two leaves can grow at the end of a stem. Mature ganoderma lucidum is obviously divided into male and female, and the leaves formed are in different States and quantities. Ordinary ganoderma lucidum can only grow one leaf on a stem, and some ganoderma lucidum are stemless. These ganoderma lucidum are very common, not the ganoderma lucidum referred to by the ancients. Ganoderma lucidum-This is the unique name of this fungus in China, which is different from other fungi. Modern science has proved that Ganoderma lucidum is a species produced by the combination of animal and plant genes, but it is still inconclusive about what kind of animals and plants Ganoderma lucidum is composed of, which is due to the lack of physical research on Ganoderma lucidum. It was not until 12 of the International Society of Biology held in 1975 that humans defined fungi as belonging to a new field-fungi, where plants and animals are juxtaposed. As early as ancient times, Ganoderma lucidum was already a very rare thing, and ancient people regarded it as a fairy. Compendium of Materia Medica describes three conditions for the production of Ganoderma lucidum: Ganoderma lucidum is a fungus that the dead bodies of rare alpine animals are attached to the rotten wood of a thousand-year-old oak tree, and it can only grow in a humid environment above sea level 1000 meters. These three conditions determine that Ganoderma lucidum is not ripe. The destruction of nature by modern humans has led to the extinction of a large number of animals and plants and virgin forests, so the natural environmental conditions for the production of Ganoderma lucidum are very rare, and the growth of Ganoderma lucidum is very slow. In addition, after thousands of years of human picking, Ganoderma lucidum has long been almost extinct. This group of Ganoderma lucidum found in Sandiequan Scenic Spot of Lushan Mountain is the only photo of Ganoderma lucidum, which fully shows the different forms of Ganoderma lucidum during its growth and also confirms Li Shizhen's description of Ganoderma lucidum in Compendium of Materia Medica.