Chapter 1 Marxism is a science about the proletariat and human liberation.
First, the emergence and development of Marxism
1. What is Marxism?
When we study the basic principles of Marxism, we must first understand what Marxism is in general. For the question of what is Marxism, you can
Understand from different angles. Judging from the cognitive achievements of its creators and successors, Marxism was founded by Marx and Engels, and later
The ideological and theoretical system continuously enriched and developed by Marxists of all ages and nationalities. Essentially, Marxism is useless.
The scientific theory of the proletariat for the free liberation of all mankind is a theory about the nature, purpose and liberation conditions of the proletarian struggle.
Marxism is the scientific world outlook and methodology of the proletariat, and it is about the development of nature, society and thinking.
The theory of "the law of the times" is about the development and transformation from capitalism to socialism, and the law of the times in the development of socialism and capitalism. mark
Thinkism is a scientific system composed of a series of basic theories, basic viewpoints and basic methods, and it is a complete body. Among them, Marx's main
Philosophy of justice, Marxist political economy and scientific socialism are three main components of Marxist theoretical system. mark
Thinking can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Marxism in a narrow sense is a system of basic theories, basic viewpoints and doctrines founded by Marx and Engels.
Broadly speaking, Marxism not only refers to the system of basic theories, basic viewpoints and doctrines founded by Marx and Engels, but also includes its inheritance.
Development is Marxism that develops continuously in practice. As the guiding ideology of China and the socialist cause, Marxism is widely used.
Understand Marxism in the sense. It includes not only the basic theories, viewpoints and methods of Marxism founded by Marx and Engels, but also.
Including Lenin's inheritance and development, advanced to a new stage, which was born in China * * *, represented by * * *, * * and Hu * * *.
The Communist Party of China (CPC) people combined it with China's concrete reality, which further enriched and developed Marxism, namely China Marxism.
2. The emergence of Marxism
Marxism is the product of the times, and its emergence has its profound economic and social roots, ideological origins and practical basis. First of all, the capitalist economy
Development provides economic, social and historical conditions for the emergence of Marxism. /kloc-at the end of 0/4 and the beginning of 2005, capitalist relations of production were in feudal society in western Europe.
Meetings began to breed and grow internally. The discovery of the American continent accelerated the process of capitalist production relations replacing feudal production relations. From18th century 60
Since 1990s, the revolutionary rise of replacing the workshop handicraft industry based on manual technology with capitalist machine industry has promoted the birth of capitalist society.
Productivity and its economic development have pushed capitalism to a new stage. The great development of productive forces not only promoted the new capitalist system.
The establishment and consolidation of this system has also made it begin to show the inherent contradiction, that is, the contradiction between socialized mass production and capitalist's private possession of the means of production.
The development and intensification of this contradiction leads to the periodic outbreak of overproduction crisis, exposing that capitalist relations of production have begun to become a modern society.
The shackles of the development of productive forces have simultaneously triggered and intensified the class struggle between the working class and the bourgeoisie. Anyway,
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The development of the inner contradictions of capitalism indicates the nature of the future social revolution and the direction of historical development, and provides an economic basis for the emergence of Marxism.
Social conditions and foundations
Secondly, the struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie is intensifying day by day, which puts forward strong requirements for the guidance of scientific theory. With the development of machinery, industry and workshops
Handicraft industry and wage labor system replaced feudal relations of production. Society is increasingly divided into two classes.
The contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie is increasingly prominent in social life. 19 in the 1930s, "class struggle is real.
The forms of practice and theory are becoming more and more unique and threatening. "In 183 1 and 1834, workers in Lyon, France held two events.
1838, a nationwide workers' movement, the Charter Movement, broke out in Britain and lasted for more than ten years. 1844, textile workers in Silesia, Germany held an uprising.
The three major labor movements of France, Britain and Germany marked the modern proletariat as an independent political force on the historical stage. However, these worker movements
Both of them failed. It is urgent to sum up the practical experience of the proletarian struggle and form a scientific revolutionary theory to guide the proletarian liberation struggle.
Fight. This has become the class foundation and practical foundation of Marxism.
Third, Marx and Engels' revolutionary practice and inheritance and innovation of the achievements of human civilization. The development of capitalist economy and society and its contradictory movement are
The emergence of Marxism provides objective conditions, and the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie puts forward practical needs for the emergence of Marxism. These are all
It is the era and practical basis of Marxism. These objective conditions only provide possibilities for the emergence of Marxism, and these possibilities are only
Only through the revolutionary practice of Marx and Engels and through the inheritance and innovation of the achievements of human civilization will it become a reality. Marx and Engels became Mark.
The founders of ideological theory, we can see from their life and career that their revolutionary theoretical activities have the following characteristics:-They always
Closely linked with the masses of the people, sharing the same fate with * * *, and having a revolutionary spirit of dedication to human happiness and proletarian liberation; Second, their revolutionary spirit.
Strong practicality, all their scientific research is closely linked with revolutionary practice, and they are great theorists and great revolutionaries; The third is them.
They are not only great revolutionaries, but also great scientists. Their rigorous academic attitude, amazing diligence and perseverance, extensive fields and far-reaching achievements.
Rare in the history of world thought. Marx and Engels critically inherited all the outstanding achievements of human ideological and cultural development for thousands of years, especially the batch.
The ruling absorbed the reasonable elements of German classical philosophy, British classical political economy and utopian socialism in France and Britain, and established historical materialism and surplus theory.
The theory of surplus value changed socialism from fantasy to science.
3 the development of Marxism in practice
Marxism is produced in practice, and it is constantly enriched and developed in practice, except that Marx and Engels developed in practice.
In addition to constantly enriching and perfecting his own theory, it was first realized by Lenin and other Marxists in leading the Russian revolution. 19th century 70
From the 1990s to the early 20th century, capitalism entered the monopoly stage from the stage of free competition, and the imbalance of political and economic development among capitalist countries intensified, and
It led to the outbreak of World War I and created historical conditions for the possible victory of the socialist revolution. In World War I, Russia was ruled by the czar.
China has become the focus of the contradiction between the East and the West and the weakest link in the imperialist ruling system. Lenin deeply analyzed the world calendars at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century.
With the change of historical conditions, it is believed that with the development of capitalism to the monopoly stage, the imbalance of economic and political development has become the absolute law of capitalist development.
It is pointed out that the socialist revolution may first win in one country or several countries. Lenin and the Bolshevik Party lost no time in leading the Russian working class.
The revolutionary people won the socialist revolution in October, which turned socialism from theory into reality and opened a new era in world history.
A gunshot of the October Revolution brought Marxism–Leninism to China. China established Marxism-Leninism as himself from the day it was founded.
This guiding ideology, in the long-term struggle, adhered to the combination of the basic principles of Marxism with China's concrete reality, developed Marxism and produced it.
Gave birth to the thought of * * * and Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theoretical system. China-oriented Marxism is Marxism that guides the whole party and people to achieve a new level in the new century.
The development goal of the paragraph and the fundamental pointer of the grand blueprint. Practice since the publication of the "Declaration" has proved that Marxism is only
Only by combining with China's national conditions, advancing with the times and conforming to the people's destiny can we glow with strong vitality, creativity and appeal. exist
Contemporary China insists on taking the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Second, the unity of scientific and revolutionary Marxism.
Marxism has shown great vitality from its birth to its development, and the root of this great vitality lies in its scientific nature and innovation based on practice.
Unity of life.
1. Marxist world outlook and methodology
Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are the most fundamental world outlook and methodology of Marxism. First of all, dialectical materialism and historical materialism are
The scientific world outlook and methodology of the proletariat. As a kind of world outlook, dialectical materialism and historical materialism provide a summary of natural science and social science.
Based on the latest scientific achievements, the scientific picture of the whole material world fundamentally reveals the general laws of the development of nature, society and thinking;
Dialectical materialism and historical materialism, as a scientific methodology, are closely related to revolutionary practice and various sciences, enabling the proletariat to better understand the world and peace.
A weapon to transform the world. Secondly, dialectical materialism and historical materialism are also the philosophical basis of the scientific system of Marxist theory. thorough
The establishment of complete materialism, especially historical materialism, provides a fundamental theoretical basis for the whole Marxist theoretical system. Marxian
Gus used the basic principles of historical materialism to analyze capitalist society, revealed the law of capitalist economic development and formed a scientific surplus.
The theory of surplus value exposes the secret of capitalist exploitation, demonstrates the contradiction between socialized mass production and capitalist private ownership, and concludes the capitalist owner.
The conclusion that justice will inevitably perish and socialism will inevitably win. On this basis, Marx and Engels used the basis of dialectical materialism and historical materialism.
This principle summarizes the struggle experience of workers' movements in various countries, puts forward the historical mission of the proletariat, and points out the direction and road for realizing this historical mission.
The theory of proletarian revolution and dictatorship and the theory of proletarian party building were expounded, thus the theory of scientific socialism was founded.
1. Marxist political stance
All theories and struggles of Marxist political parties should be devoted to realizing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, with the working people as the main body. This is Marxism.
The most distinctive political position. First of all, this is determined by the nature of Marxist theory. Marxism came into being in the practice of proletarian revolution,
What has developed is a scientific expression of the fundamental interests of the proletariat. Distinctive class nature and practicality are the fundamental characteristics of Marxism. Secondly, this is
Determined by the historical mission of the proletariat. Proletarian revolution and its own liberation are the laws of social development and the inevitable trend of complete liberation of mankind.
Exactly the same. Only by liberating all mankind can the proletariat finally liberate itself completely. Finally, is it always on the side of the vast majority of people?
The watershed between historical materialism and historical idealism is also the touchstone for judging Marxist political parties.
3. Theoretical quality of Marxism.
It is the most important theory of Marxism to insist on proceeding from reality, integrating theory with practice, seeking truth from facts, testing and developing truth in practice.
Quality. This theoretical quality of keeping pace with the times is the key to maintain the vigorous vitality of Marxism. First of all, this quality is Marxism.
Reflection on the essence of theory. The essential attribute of Marxist theory lies in its thorough scientific nature, firm revolutionary nature and conscious practicality.
The science at the bottom is the most fundamental. Keeping pace with the times in theory is an inevitable requirement of science. Secondly, this quality is a tool for human beings to understand the law of development.
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Body expression. Persist in proceeding from reality, seeking truth from facts and testing and developing truth in practice, which is the basic requirement for human beings to understand the law of development. and
Keeping pace with the times means that Marxism respects and follows the objective laws according to the changes in practice, and constantly surpasses its predecessors and its own understanding and process. So, realize that
Understanding the law, grasping the law, following the law and applying the law are the fundamental requirements for advancing with the times. Finally, this quality is the inherent requirement of theoretical innovation. reform
We must constantly emancipate our minds, seek truth from facts and keep pace with the times. There is no end to practice, and there is no end to understanding and innovation. We must break through our predecessors, and so will future generations.
Will definitely break through us. Theoretical innovation based on practice is the forerunner of social development and change. Insist on promoting theoretical innovation on the basis of practice.
All the party's theories and work reflect the times, grasp the regularity and be creative. This is the connotation of keeping pace with the times and the necessity of social progress.
Requirements.
4. Marxist social ideal
The capitalist society of * *, which realizes great material richness, greatly improves people's spiritual realm and everyone's free and all-round development, is the most respected by Marxism.
An Introduction to the Basic Principles of Marxism unscrambles four comprehensive strategic layouts, explores and answers basic questions such as "what is national rejuvenation and how to realize it", and further promotes the China of Marxism, which is the latest theoretical achievement of Marxism in China. The "four comprehensive" strategic layout is a scientific and complete theoretical system. Taking the Chinese dream of realizing the goal of "two hundred years" and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as the background, and taking exploring and answering the basic question of "what is national rejuvenation and how to realize it" as the main line, a theoretical system with rich connotation, strict logic and scientific integrity has been formed.
Overview of the basic principles of Marxism, what to test and the process of seeking help are generally divided into three parts:
Marxist philosophy
Marxist political economy
scientific socialism
Due to political reasons, only 1 is tested at present, and the viewpoints mainly come from Lenin's materialism and empiricism criticism, philosophical notes, Mao's Contradiction and Practice, and Marx's Outline on Feuerbach. It is not recommended to read the original works of Marxist classic writers. We should use other reference books, such as Ai Siqi's Outline of Materialism. Of course, The Theory of Contradiction, The Theory of Practice and The Outline of Feuerbach are only a few words, so you can have a brief look. We must master the three laws of materialist dialectics and the basic expression of historical materialism.
The second part mainly comes from Marx's Preface and Introduction to Criticism of Political Economy, Das Kapital, Engels' Critical Outline of National Economics and Lenin's Development of Russian Capitalism.
There is no need to delve into it, just watch some ppt. You need to master the calculation of surplus value rate, understand some basic concepts, and know how to briefly analyze the basic contradictions of capitalism and the occurrence of economic crisis.
Part 3 Scientific Socialism, because it is incompatible with China Special Administrative Region, is rarely tested now, so I suggest a brief understanding.
Wide content and low score. It is not recommended to spend time on it, but if you don't understand the content at all, it seems that you haven't studied this course, then you can spend a few hours skimming the following short story:
Marx and Engels' Manifesto (this is a must-read classic), Marx's Critique of the Gotha Program, Lenin's State and Revolution, imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism, and Mao's On Ten Major Relationships.
Focus on 1, understand 2 and 3, and generally get high marks.
Online work, the basic principle of Marxism in China Normal University, has too many topics to show here.
Search Baidu Web page for the online homework answers of zyda8 Chinese teacher to see if there is a full version.
1. Question 1
The basic problem of philosophy is ()
A. the relationship between matter and motion
B. The relationship between thinking and existence
C. Relations with social and natural
D. Relationship between subject and object
Standard answer: b
2. Question 2
Denying the identity of thinking and existence belongs to ()
A. Subjective idealism
B. metaphysics
C. objective idealism
D. agnosticism
Standard answer: D.
3. Question 3
From the development of animal psychology to human consciousness plays a decisive role is ()
A. Division of labor between hands and feet
B. Language production
C. productive labor
D. Social interaction
Standard answer: C.
4. Question 4
"How bold people are, how productive the land is; I'm afraid I can't do it, I'm afraid I can't think of it; You can do it if you want. " This statement is () from a philosophical point of view.
A. adhere to the performance of subjective idealism
B. Adhere to the table of objective idealism
C. Adhere to the performance of materialist dialectics
D. Metaphysical expression
Standard answer: A.
5. Question 5
The rule is ()
A. the inevitable connection of the intrinsic nature of things
B. accidental connection on the external surface of things
C. Rules made by people according to their own needs
D. The right way for people to change the world
Standard answer: A.
6. Question 6
The general feature of materialist dialectics is ()
A. the viewpoint of movement and the viewpoint of stillness
B. A comprehensive view and a one-sided view
C. the concept of connection and development
D. the perspective of link and change
Standard answer: C.
7. Question 7
"If you want to have knowledge, you must take part in the practice of changing reality. If you want to know the taste of pears, you have to eat them yourself. You must know about atoms.
If the tissues are of the same nature, you have to carry out physical and chemical experiments to change the situation of atoms. "This passage emphasizes ()
A. Practice is the purpose of cognition
B. practice is the standard for testing knowledge.
C. Practice is the source of knowledge
D. Practice is the driving force of cognitive development
Standard answer: C.
8. Question 8
The first great theoretical achievement of Marxism in China is ().
A. Great Harmony Thought
B. Three People's Principles
C.*** thought
D.*** theory
Standard answer: C.
9. Question 9
The law of mutual variation of mass reveals ()
A. the driving force and source of things development
B. the state and form of the development of things
C. the direction and path of things.
D. Two trends in the development of things
Standard answer: b
10. Question 10
The second leap in the process of cognitive development is ()
A. From perception to performance
B. From judgment to reasoning
C. From perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge
D. From rational understanding to practice
Standard answer: D.
Dagong 15 autumn "Basic Principles of Marxism" online exam 3 Do you think it is the following set of questions? There are several answers!
15 autumn "Basic Principles of Marxism" online test 3 reference answers;
First, multiple choice questions
1、C 2、A 3、A 4、D 5、A
1. On the issue of looking forward to the future society, it is the fundamental difference between Marxism and utopian socialism whether we can correctly predict the future by adhering to scientific positions, viewpoints and methods ().
A. objectives
B. Conclusion
C. preconditions
D. basics
2. The capitalist economic crisis has the characteristics of (), which is determined by the stage of the basic contradiction movement of capitalism.
A. periodicity
B. Long-term
C. theory of relativity
D.absolutely
3. From the historical development, the ownership of capitalist means of production is constantly developing and changing. In the early stage of capitalist development, () was the main form of ownership.
A. Ownership of individual capital
B. Private equity capital ownership
C. Ownership of company capital
D. National ownership of capital
4. Commodity exchange is based on () and is carried out according to the principle of equivalent exchange.
A. Currency
B. Use value
C. Exchange value
D. Value quantity
5. () is a monopoly capitalist with its monopoly position in social production and circulation and get more than the average profit of high profits.
A. Monopoly profits
B. Financial oligarchs
C. financial capital
D. Surplus value
6. Deprivation of farmers' land by violent means is the basis of primitive accumulation of capital process, which country is the most typical ().
A. United States
B. Germany
C. France
D. Britain, Britain
7. The leap of socialism from theory to practice was realized after ().
A. * * materialism
B. Proletarian revolution
C. capitalism
D. violent revolution
8. Surplus value theory is the () of Marxist economic theory.
A. Premises
B. Display
C. basics
D. performance
9. Utopian socialism originated in the early () century.
A. 16
B. 15
C. 14
D. 17
10. On the basis of the formation of financial capital, ()
A. Financial oligarchy
B. currency
C. Monopoly profits
D. Surplus value
Dagong 1 1 Autumn Online Examination of Basic Principles of Marxism 123 Dagong 1 1 Autumn Online Examination of Basic Principles of Marxism 3 Answers
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Practice is the basic principle of Marxism: practice is all human conscious actions.
Variables: Variables refer to quantities that can change at any time during the running of a program.
Law of value: it is the basic economic law of commodity production and commodity exchange. That is, the value of commodities depends on the socially necessary labor time, and commodities are exchanged according to the principle of equivalence.
Monopoly: originally refers to manipulating trade from the commanding heights of the market, and later refers to holding and monopoly.
What is Marxism first? Marxism has broad sense and narrow sense. The above statement refers to Marxism in a narrow sense. Broadly speaking, Marxism not only refers to the system of basic theories, basic viewpoints and basic theories founded by Marx and Engels, but also includes the development of its successors, that is, Marxism that develops continuously in practice.
Second, Marxism is essentially a scientific system of proletarian thought and a science about the proletariat and human liberation. Its content covers many fields and aspects such as politics, economy, culture, military affairs, history and the relationship between the development of human society and nature, which is extremely profound and rich.
Third, Marxism can be divided from different angles.
First of all, judging from the cognitive achievements of its creators and successors, Marxism was founded by Marx and Engels, and its viewpoints and theoretical system were continuously enriched and developed by Marxists of all ages and nationalities in subsequent years.
Secondly, from the perspective of class attributes, Marxism is a scientific theory for the proletariat to strive for its own liberation and the liberation of all mankind, and it is a theory about the nature, purpose and liberation conditions of the proletarian struggle.
Third, from its research object, Marxism is the scientific world outlook and methodology of the proletariat, a theory about the universal laws of the development of nature, society and thinking, and a theory about the development and transformation of capitalism to socialism and the universal laws of the development of socialism and capitalism.
In addition, judging from its main contents, Marxism is a scientific system composed of a series of basic theories, basic viewpoints and basic methods, and it is a complete whole. Among them, Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy and scientific socialism are the three main components of Marxist theoretical system.
China teachers' answers to the online homework on the basic principles of Marxism. It is difficult to find the answers in specific reference books online, and there is no answer online.
It's good for you to think more and not discuss it with your classmates.
Basic principles of Marxism: a brief introduction to the general law of cognitive development? The movement of practice, cognition, practice, cognition and cognition develops endlessly. Form reciprocating to infinity; Every cycle of understanding and practice in content has reached a higher level, deepening and improving step by step.