In order to quell the riots as soon as possible, Michigan Governor george romney ordered the Michigan National Guard to enter Detroit and asked President lyndon johnson to send troops into the city. This riot resulted in 43 deaths, 467 injuries, more than 7,200 arrests and more than 2,000 buildings being damaged, second only to the conscription riots in new york during the civil war [1] and the riots in Los Angeles [1992]. The incident also became the focus of many local media reports.
1992 Los Angeles riots, also known as 1992 Los Angeles public riots, refer to a series of riots in Los Angeles in 1992. The fuse was 65438+1 April 29th, 1992. On April 29th, 1992, the jury acquitted four policemen (three non-Latino whites and1Latino Americans) who used excessive force to beat black Rodney King for traffic violations, causing thousands of African-Americans and Latino Americans to take to the streets in Los Angeles and cause riots. This incident caused about $654.38 billion in property losses, about 53 people died and thousands were injured. [ 1]
It is worth mentioning that Lily Lee Chen, the first Chinese female mayor in the United States and then an official in Los Angeles, personally went to the scene of the riots and made a speech on "People are hurting themselves", calling on all ethnic groups to maintain harmony.
Stonewall riots, also known as stonewall riots, took place at Stonewall Bar in Greenwich Village, adjacent to new york City, in the early morning of June 28th. 1969, a series of spontaneous violent demonstrations broke out due to the police raid. Stonewall riots are often regarded as the first example of homosexuals' resistance to the government-led system of persecuting the sexually disadvantaged in American history, and also become a key event marking the development of gay rights movement in the United States and even the world.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the discrimination against homosexuality in American judicial system was still serious, even surpassing some Warsaw Pact countries. Early gay groups in the United States tried to make homosexuals accepted by society and supported conflict-free education for homosexuals and heterosexuals. However, in the last few years of 1960' s, there was constant controversy and many social movements flourished, including the American black civil rights movement, the anti-cultural movement and anti-war demonstrations in 1960' s. These background factors, together with the free atmosphere in Greenwich Village, became the catalyst for the Stonewall riots.
Date, place and reason
1959 In May, Los Angeles protested against police harassment. LGBT people clashed with their "Cooper Donuts", where disguised queens and male prostitutes often gathered. After the police arrested three people, including writer John Rechy, other demonstrators began throwing doughnuts and coffee cups at the police. LAPD immediately called for support and launched a larger-scale arrest operation, but John Ritchie and two other arrested persons took advantage of the chaos to escape [5]:1–2.
1964 September19 new york protests against the US military's treatment of homosexuals. A small group of demonstrators organized by Randy Wicker set up roadblocks in front of the recruitment center in Whitehall Street to prevent people from entering and leaving, in order to protest that the military publicly recorded military service records of homosexuals' sexual orientation, which led to their privacy rights being violated. This action is widely regarded as the first gay parade in the United States [6]:xvii.
1964 65438+On February 2nd, new york protested that homosexuality is a disease. Four homosexuals protested against the psychoanalyst who supported homosexuality as a mental illness and refuted his argument within ten minutes [6]:xvii.
1965apr17 [3]: 270-apr18 [7]: 208 Washington, D.C. and new york protested against the homosexual policies of the United States and Cuba. Homosexuals arrived in April 1965 and April 18 respectively.
On April 25th, 1965, Philadelphia protested that the restaurant refused to serve homosexuals. About 150 demonstrators sat outside Dewey's restaurant to protest after the manager refused to serve a group of customers he thought were gay. Four demonstrators were arrested and charged with "disorderly conduct", including Clark Pollack, the gay equality leader of the Jenners Association. Several members of the association took part in the sit-in and negotiated with the restaurant owner about the refusal of service. Three demonstrators continued to sit in and protest until May 5 [8].
1On May 29th, 965, ten demonstrators (7 men and 3 women) organized by the Friends of Gays on the East Coast of Washington, D.C. protested in front of the White House [9]: 68. This is the first step in a series of demonstrations. Other exhibition sites include the State Council, Pentagon and American Civil Service Commission [7]: 209.
65438+ Philadelphia July 4th Parade 0965 Before 1969, ECHO organized demonstrators to March in Independence Hall every year, which was later called "annual reminder" [10]: 130.
On September 26th, 1965, thirty demonstrators gathered in front of Grace Cathedral in San Francisco to support the dialogue platform between LGBT people and religious people, namely "Council on Religion and Homosexuality". L on Religion and Homosexuality) by the priest Robert krom Ray [11]:114.
1965101October 23rd [12]: 636 Washington DC supports the protection of gay rights. The last protest was held in front of the White House because the demonstrators thought it was useless to protest in front of the White House [13]: 104.
1966 April 2 1 new york challenges the legality of gay drinking ban in New York State. Dick Leitsch, an affirmative activist, Craig Rodwell Timmons (Craig Rodwell Timmons) tried to challenge the laws of New York State prohibiting bars and restaurants from serving alcoholic beverages to known homosexuals, and took reporters to expose their plight of being refused services. After going to several bars and revealing the fact that they are gay, they were finally refused to drink in a newly raided gay bar "julius (English: new york City)". Although Risky's complaint to the New York State Liquor Administration did not cause the unit to take action, the new york Municipal Human Rights Commission declared that this kind of discrimination "cannot continue" [14]: 46–47.
1966 On May 2 1 day, gay groups in new york, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles and San Francisco protested that the US military refused homosexuals in major cities in the United States during the Army Day, and even dispatched 15 cars to form a convoy in Los Angeles. This activity is considered as the first gay pride parade [9]: 42 [15]: 221[16] and the predecessor of the first meeting of the general assembly of gay organizations in North America [9]
1966 July 18 San Francisco protested the harassment and refusal of service of restaurants. About 25 demonstrators gathered in front of Compton's cafeteria and set up roadblocks to prevent people from entering and leaving, to protest that the new operator found a Pinkerton national detective agency and the police harassed gay and transgender customers [17].
In August, 1966, San Francisco protested harassment. Gay and transgender customers staged riots in Compton cafeteria to protest against the continuous harassment by the police. Restaurants and nearby areas were damaged to varying degrees. The next night, more demonstrators from the gay community joined the riot, even crossed the cordon and smashed the glass of the restaurant [17]: 109.
Chicago protests against ignoring the news media. After the two print media, Chicago Sun and Chicago Tribune, ignored or even refused the Matthews Association's request for advertising, the Chicago branch of the Association protested against the two print media and set up roadblocks to prevent newspaper employees from entering and leaving. After the incident, Irv Kupcinet, a columnist of The Sun, reported the protest in his column, but did not mention that his previous report was also attacked by protesters. Tribune didn't report anything [18]:62.
1967 65438+ 10 1 Los Angeles protests against the city police raid on gay bars. On New Year's Eve, the city's police raided the gay bars "Black Cat Pub" and "New Face", causing the bartender and several customers of the black cat bar to be injured and sent to hospital. This move immediately attracted hundreds of people to gather outside the Black Cat Bar on Sunset Avenue to protest [7]:2 10.
In February 1967, 1 1, Los Angeles supported other ethnic minorities in the city. Organized by the owner of Pandora's Box, a gay bar, about 200 LGBT people, more than 40 hippies and other sub-cultural groups who are often harassed by the police gathered in the black cat bar where there was a raid earlier [65438
1968 March 17 Los Angeles protested the entrapment and harassment of the city police. Two disguised queens, the princess and the duchess, held a St. Patrick's Day celebration party in Griffith Park, and the police often came to harass and expel LGBT people. About 200 gay men participated [7]:2 10.
1April 23, 968 new york protested that homosexuality was regarded as a mental illness. The Gay Alliance of Columbia University interrupted a psychiatric conference where homosexuality was being discussed and set up roadblocks to prevent people from entering and leaving [9]. 67.
1968 On May 30th, the Los Angeles General Association held a gay conference in Griffith Park [19]:26.
65438+August 0968 [5]: 159 Los Angeles protests against the city police raid on gay bars. After two customers were arrested, the bar owner Lee Glaze led other customers to the police station to bail out the two arrested customers, and surrounded the police station with flowers bought in a nearby flower shop [20]: 180.
1in April, 969, San Francisco protested against the dismissal of gay affirmative activists by the company. After Gale Whittington, a journalist, was fired by the States Shipping Company for coming out, a group of gay affirmative activists formed the Gay Freedom Committee (CHF), and demonstrated against the company's San Francisco branch at noon 12: 00 to 13: 00 every working day for several weeks, and set up roadblocks to prevent people from entering and leaving [2/kloc-0
1969 May [19]: 32 San Francisco enterprises protested the dismissal of gay employees. After Frank Denaro was fired by Tower Records, CHF immediately protested against the company for several weeks until Frank Denaro was reinstated [22]. In addition, they held demonstrations in front of Safeway Inc.)(Safeway's) and San Francisco Federal Building [2 1]:53.