The increasingly serious aging problem in China has brought challenges to the economy and society, and how to deal with the aging problem has become an important issue. Giddens' Happiness of the Old Man
Li advocates actively using the strength of the elderly, implementing a flexible retirement system and making full use of the human resources of the elderly.
Keywords Giddens aging elderly human resources flexible retirement system
First, Giddens's welfare proposition for the elderly
In the 1990s, with the advent of globalization, the welfare state faced a double crisis of old and new.
Under the background that neither the left nor the right can solve the crisis of welfare state, British scholar Anthony
Giddens put forward his own positive welfare thought. Under the framework of his welfare thought, he is particularly
Don't put forward your own views on the issue of aging. The core of its proposition is to put the elderly
Treat it as a resource rather than a burden, and gradually abolish the fixed retirement age.
When solving the problem of aging, Giddens believes that the elderly must give full play to their own strength and
See the elderly as a resource rather than a burden. With the continuous extension of life expectancy and birth rate
Many scholars predict that the problem of aging will become more and more serious. Giddens believes that this aging problem
The problem is a new risk that looks like an old one. "When you reach retirement age, you start to pay for it.
The concepts of laojin and' pensioner' are both inventions of the welfare state. However, these
Ideas are not only difficult to keep up with the new aging reality, but also obviously depend on welfare.
Color. They show a loss of ability, which is logical from these concepts.
Explain why many retirees feel that they have lost their self-esteem. ""the elderly must be made up of
The expectation of national care creates an equally harmful dependency culture (dependency culture-
Nancy). "When a person reaches retirement age, he becomes a pensioner, and this kind of person has a specified retirement period.
The method of aging has two disadvantages: first, the elderly are in a passive receiver position and are valued.
As a burden, it has really become a burden. Secondly, this practice cannot treat different people differently.
Some old people, if they are healthy, can continue to work after retirement age.
And willing to work, can only retire at retirement age. If there is
The old man is in poor health. He must work until he retires. So Giddens advocated putting
The elderly themselves are regarded as the force to solve the problem of aging, and the elderly should not be regarded as a person with only one.
The stage of enjoying rights without taking responsibility, so we should gradually cancel the fixed retirement period.
Age. He also pointed out that "it is stipulated that you must reach the age of eligibility to receive pensions in order to enjoy old-age care."
Jin Fuli is meaningless. People should be able to choose to use these funds themselves.
Time, which not only enables them to stop working at any age, but also helps them.
Education funds, or reduce working hours when it is necessary to raise children. If individuals can simultaneously
If you choose to stop working early, you can also choose to work longer, then compulsory retirement will be cancelled.
Hugh's impact on the labor market will be neutral. "
Second, the current situation and influence of population aging in China.
Since 1999, China has entered an aging society. In February 2006, the population of China began to age.
The Office of the Working Committee issued the Research Report on the Prediction of Population Aging Development Trend in China.
China in 2 1 century will be an irreversible aging society, and the first 20 years will be "fast".
Rapid aging stage, followed by 30 years of "accelerated aging" stage, followed by 50 years.
It has reached the stage of "stable and severe aging". In 20 15 years, the size of the elderly population in China will reach 4.37.
Billion, that is, 3 out of every 10 people are elderly people aged 60 or above.
Compared with developed countries, China's population aging has its own characteristics, mainly as follows
In favor: First, China has a large number of elderly people, ranking first in the world. China is the most populous country in the world.
The largest number of countries, which determines the large number of elderly people in China. Although family planning has made our country
The proportion of the world population will decline, but with the increase of life expectancy, China
The aging population will still be huge. According to the prediction of the United Nations, China has been in the first half of 2 1 century.
In the country with the largest elderly population in the world, the elderly population accounts for five fifths of the total elderly population in the world.
First of all, in the second half of the 20th century, China was also the second largest country with a large elderly population after India. sequence
Second, China is aging fast. Due to the implementation of family planning, the birth rate has been declining and has bottomed out.
The population of the Ministry is shrinking, the overall population growth is declining, and the proportion of the elderly population is rising rapidly, which makes
China's population is aging faster than other countries. Relevant research shows that the elderly over 65 years old account for.
The proportion of the total population rose from 7% to 14%, which took more than 45 years in most developed countries.
Between, including France 130, Sweden in 85, Australia and the United States in 79, China.
It only takes 27 years to complete this course, and it will be guaranteed for a long time to come.
The growth rate is very fast, and it is one of the fastest aging countries. Third, aging.
Walk in front of modernization, get old before you get rich. Generally speaking, the process of population aging is always related to economic development.
The level of development is basically the same, but unlike developed countries, due to the implementation of family planning,
China's aging process is ahead of economic and social development. Compared with developed countries, China's
Per capita GDP level, urbanization, culture and education, medical and health care, old-age welfare, etc.
The distance between developed countries is great, so the burden of providing for the aged is heavier. In addition to the above three points, but also
The level of aging varies greatly among regions.
These characteristics and development trends of aging in China have brought a series of problems and challenges:
First of all, aging leads to an increased social burden. At present, the old-age dependency ratio in China is 0. 1 1.
Right, that is, about nine working-age people have to support 1 old people. According to the median mortality rate,
It is estimated that the old-age dependency ratio in China will rise to 0. 17 in 2020. According to the low mortality rate,
In 2020, the old-age dependency ratio in China will rise to 0. 19. By then, individuals, enterprises, society
They all face a heavy burden of providing for the aged. Secondly, aging will bring about a relative shortage of labor. although
At present, China is rich in labor resources, but with the rapid growth of population, the "demographic dividend" has disappeared.
The increase in unemployment and the number of elderly people will inevitably lead to a decrease in the relative and absolute number of productive population.
Thereby causing a relative shortage of the working population. The social burden brought by aging is increasing day by day, and the labor force
Population decline will inevitably bring obstacles to economic and social development, while economic and social development is sluggish.
This will increase the difficulty of solving the problem of aging. In short, aging is a serious problem.
Social problems, how to deal with aging is an important topic in China.
Three. Enlightenment of Giddens' welfare proposition for the elderly on the aging problem in China
Giddens' welfare proposition for the elderly tells us that we should use the elderly themselves to solve problems.
To solve the problem of aging, we should regard them as human resources, respect their rights and wishes, and
Reforming the retirement system is an inevitable choice.
China's current retirement policy originated in the 1950s. The legal retirement age in China is
The male is 60 years old, the female cadre is 55 years old, and the female worker is 50 years old.
Retirement is relaxed for another five years. Engaged in underground, high temperature, high altitude, particularly heavy physical labor or its
If he is engaged in jobs harmful to health, the retirement age is 55 for men and 45 for women.
Sick or non-work-related disability, certified by the hospital and confirmed by the labor appraisal Committee, completely lost the ability to work.
Ability, retirement age: 50 for men and 45 for women. This legal retirement age is mainly based on the founding of our country.
The initial development of social economy and the average life expectancy of China population at that time.
Life expectancy is only over 50 years old, but now the social and economic structure of China has undergone great changes, and the average life expectancy is high.
Life expectancy has also increased to 72 years. So we can see that the current retirement system mainly exists in
Disadvantages: First, the low retirement age leads to the waste of human resources. As we all know, Lao.
The higher the actor's knowledge level, the higher the cost, and the time to participate in the work will be slightly later.
In China, at present, only a few experts and scholars can postpone their retirement, and most of them have retired.
Low retirement age, especially for women, causes waste of human resources. When?
After the "demographic dividend", this situation will have a greater impact when the labor resources are reduced. that
Second, the social burden is too heavy, and the early retirement of the elderly will inevitably increase the payment of endowment insurance.
Burden, but also increased the burden of social medical care, health care services. In China's current pension.
In the case of imperfect insurance, the burden of family pension will be heavier. Finally, fix the retreat.
The retirement age is not conducive to the full expression of the physical and mental health and rights of the elderly. Current retirement age
It does not reflect the wishes of the elderly themselves. Some elderly people are healthy and energetic and unwilling to retire.
Hugh has to retire, even suffering from retirement syndrome. Some old people are in poor health, no
Willing to continue working, but not to retire early, otherwise early retirement will face reduced retirement benefits.
In addition, the inequality of retirement age between men and women will also have some negative effects.
Therefore, considering the above factors, we should mobilize the elderly in the face of the aging population.
The motivation mainly comes from the following two aspects.
(A) the implementation of flexible retirement system
At present, our government is preparing to raise the retirement age, but it has aroused great concern in society.
There was a great response and many people opposed it. They think that delaying retirement age is very important for our country at present.
Not suitable for the national conditions, because delaying the retirement age will aggravate the employment difficulties of young people at present.
This is unfair to the elderly who are in poor health and those who work hard.
It can be said that it is difficult to get general consensus. Since raising the retirement age is controversial, then
A flexible retirement system would be a better choice. Of course, as far as China's current national conditions are concerned, it is not
We can completely cancel the retirement age as Giddens said, and we can abide by it.
Flexible retirement system in China. As far as China is concerned, early retirement will inevitably aggravate various problems.
Therefore, it can be implemented on the basis of the minimum working years (set according to different situations)
Flexible retirement system of voluntary choice. At the same time, we can take different measures according to different retirement ages.
The level of treatment, so that people can be encouraged to postpone childbirth according to the needs of economic and social development.
Retirement age. Specifically, women can choose 55 as the minimum retirement age.
Between the ages of 55 and 65, they can choose when to retire at will. Men can
Choose 60 as the minimum retirement age. They can be appointed between 60 and 65.
Choose when to retire. Of course, it can also be further subdivided according to industry differences. Actually, playing
Sexual retirement system has become an important way for many developed countries in Europe and America to cope with the challenge of population aging.
Policy advocates will play an increasingly important role.
(two) take other ways to give full play to the role of the elderly themselves.
Actively cultivate and develop their own organizations, such as associations for the elderly and various interests.
Good organizations, mutual aid organizations, etc. ; Encourage healthy young and elderly people to re-employment, such as setting up special projects.
Institutions that help the elderly find jobs actively build information platforms for the elderly; Encourage the elderly
Participate in various public welfare activities, such as being an environmental volunteer. At the same time, improve the social participation of the elderly.
Legal provisions on the right to re-employment. Through the above measures, it can be effectively avoided
Retirement brings loneliness and loss to the elderly and promotes their physical and mental health.
It can also give full play to the human resources of the elderly, so that they can stand on their own feet, be independent, Qi Xin and help each other.
Help! In short, we should use various means to mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of the elderly, so that they can
Experience your own value while reducing the social burden.
Precautions:
Anthony giddens. The third way: the revival of democratic socialism. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House. 2000。
Giddens. The third way and its criticism. Beijing: Central Party School Press. 2002.
A research report on the prediction of population aging development trend in China. www.china.com.cn。
Zhou zhanchao A Study on Population Aging in China. Comparison of Economic and Social Systems (bimonthly), 2007 (1).