1. order
2. Status and evaluation of natural ecosystem protection in China.
3. Status and evaluation of wildlife species protection in China.
4. In situ conservation of genetic resources in China.
5. Conclusion
Building nature reserves is the most effective way to protect biodiversity. By the end of 1993, China had established 763 nature reserves with a total area of 66180,000 hm2, accounting for about 6.8% of the national territory. On the basis of summarizing the achievements in the construction of nature reserves in China, this paper summarizes the protection status of nature reserves to various natural ecosystems, wild animals, domesticated species and wild related germplasm resources, including the number, area, distribution and management of nature reserves established to protect biodiversity components. The impact of nature reserves on the components of biodiversity protection was evaluated. The existing problems are analyzed, and the measures to strengthen the in-situ protection of biodiversity are put forward.
Keywords: in-situ conservation of biodiversity nature reserve
1. order
Generally speaking, the measures to protect biodiversity are divided into "in situ conservation" and "ex situ conservation". The former is the main measure and the latter is the auxiliary measure. It is generally believed that "in situ conservation" of habitats is the most powerful and effective way to protect biodiversity. In-situ conservation not only protects individual species, populations or communities in the habitat, but also maintains the process of energy and material movement in the regional ecosystem, ensures the normal development and evolution of species and the ecological process between species and their environment, and protects the viability and intraspecific genetic variation of species in the original environment. Therefore, in-situ conservation is the most adequate and effective protection at the three levels of ecosystem, species and genetic diversity, and it is the most fundamental way to protect biodiversity.
In-situ conservation measures are to establish nature reserves, and through the construction and effective management of nature reserves, biodiversity can be effectively protected artificially. The construction of nature reserves has been widely promoted around the world. By 1993, there were 86 19 nature reserves related to biodiversity protection, covering an area of 792.266 million hm2, accounting for about 6% of the global land area [1]. China Nature Reserve was established in Dinghushan Nature Reserve in Guangdong on 1956. After nearly 40 years' efforts, China has established 763 nature reserves of various types, with a total area of 68184,000 hm2, accounting for about 6.8% of the national territory. Among them, there are 7 17 nature reserves related to biodiversity protection. The construction of nature reserves in China has played a great role in protecting ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity.
2. Present situation and evaluation of natural ecosystem protection in China.
China's natural ecosystem can be divided into five types: forest, grassland and meadow, desert, inland wetland and water, ocean and coast [3], and 433 nature reserves of natural ecosystem have been established, covering an area of 47.03 million hm2.
2. 1 forest ecosystem protection
Forest ecosystem is the most biodiversity-rich ecosystem on land. China has a vast territory, many forest types and wide distribution, with forest area of1337 million hm2. According to the research, China's terrestrial ecosystems are divided into 27 categories and 460 types, and forest ecosystems account for 16, about 185 types [4]. The protection of forest ecosystem was the earliest in China, and the nature reserves established in 1950s and 1960s were mostly forest ecosystem types. By the end of 1993, there were 37 forest ecosystem nature reserves in China, with an area of14.29 million hm2. In addition, there are 80 nature reserves for wildlife in forest habitats, covering an area of 3.378 million hm2. Their total area is17.668 million hm2, accounting for 13.3% of the total forest area in China. The establishment of forest ecosystem type reserves not only effectively protects a large number of forest resources, but also protects various typical and representative forest ecosystems, which plays an extremely important role in scientific research and improving the ecological environment. China has not only built a large number of forest type reserves, but also is the main nature reserve in China. But also widely distributed in all forest areas and biogeographic areas in China, representing different forest vegetation types. Typical and important are: Huzhong Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, which protects cold temperate coniferous forests; Protect LAM Raymond in Heilongjiang, Liangshui Nature Reserve, temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest nature reserves such as Baishilazi in Liaoning, Yiwulu Mountain, Wuling Mountain in Hebei and Laojunshan in Henan; Henan Jigongshan, Anhui Mazongling and other protected areas to protect subtropical deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved forests; Protect Niujiang and Gufeng in Anhui, Meihua Mountain in Fujian, Jinggangshan in Jiangxi, Badagong Mountain and Hu Ping in Hunan, Dinghu Mountain in Guangdong, Daming Mountain in Guangxi, Jinyun Mountain in Sichuan, Ailao Mountain in Yunnan and Chayu in Tibet. Protect the tropical rain forest, Xishuangbanna in monsoon forest, Jianfengling, Baishuiling and Wuzhishan in Hainan. In addition, China has established many nature reserves to protect the vertical distribution spectrum of mountain forests, such as Changbai Mountain in Jilin, Taibai Mountain in Shaanxi, Shennongjia in Hubei, Fan Jing in Guizhou, Gaoligong Mountain in Yunnan and Haba Snow Mountain. China's forest-type nature reserves have initially formed a national network, which has a certain foundation, but there is still a certain gap compared with the requirements of forest resources and forest ecosystem diversity protection in China. Although the area of nature reserves has accounted for 13.92% of the forest area, compared with China, it only accounts for 6.72% of the woodland area. There are still some unreasonable places in the distribution of nature reserves, such as Fujian, Hubei, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces where subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests are concentrated. The area of nature reserves is not suitable for its forest resources and needs to be strengthened. In addition, there is a certain gap between Daxinganling forest region and the construction of nature reserves in the water conservation forest region of Loess Plateau and Taihang Mountain region.
2.2 Protection of grassland and meadow ecosystems
China is rich in grassland resources, and the existing grassland area is about1730,000 hm2, accounting for18% of the country's land area [5], which is mainly distributed in the northwest of Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, the northern and northwestern Loess Plateau and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Grassland types mainly include typical grassland, meadow grassland, desert grassland and alpine grassland. The construction of grassland and meadow nature reserves in China started late and developed slowly. By the end of 1993, there were 14 grassland and meadow ecosystem nature reserves in China, with an area of13.78 million hm2. In addition, there are two grassland habitats wildlife nature reserves, covering an area of 44,000 hm2. Its area is1422,000 hm2, accounting for about 0.82% of the national grassland area. Among them, the typical and important ones are: Crescent Lake in Heilongjiang and Yaojingzi in Jilin, which protect meadow grassland, Xilingol Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia, which protects typical grassland, meadow grassland and desert grassland; Ningxia Yunwushan Grassland Reserve protects arid grassland ecosystem; Protect the mountain grasslands and meadows in the middle of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, Gongnaisi Meadow, quintus Mountain Grassland and other protected areas. China has a vast arid and semi-arid area, and there are many types of grassland and meadow ecosystems, which have nurtured rich biodiversity. However, the number of grassland and meadow ecosystem types protected areas that have been built is not only small (only 2% of the total protected areas), but also very limited (only 2% of the total protected areas), and some typical grassland and meadow ecosystems have not yet established nature reserves. In addition, from the perspective of grassland resources protection, the existing protected areas are far from meeting the requirements of grassland resources protection and sustainable utilization in China.
2.3 Protection of desert ecosystems
China's desert area is about192ooo million hm2, accounting for about 30% of the country's land area [6], mainly distributed in the northwest inland areas and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The main types are grassland desert, typical desert, extremely arid desert and alpine desert. The construction of desert ecosystem nature reserve in China began with the Altun Mountain Nature Reserve in Xinjiang established by 1983. By the end of 1993, there were 7 nature reserves of this type in China, covering an area of 30.067 million hm2. In addition, there are 7 wildlife nature reserves in desert habitats, covering an area of 5.602 million hm2. Their total area is 35.669 million hm2, accounting for 18.58% of the total desert area in China. Among them, the typical and important ones are: Xinjiang Altun Mountain Nature Reserve, which protects primitive alpine desert ecosystems and rare wild animals; protect
Qiangtang Nature Reserve in Tibet protects alpine deserts, alpine meadows and rare wild animals; Gansu Anxi nature reserve to protect the extremely arid desert ecosystem, and so on. Although the number of desert ecosystem nature reserves established in China is small, accounting for only 1% of the total nature reserves, the area is very large, accounting for 45% of the total nature reserves in China. The establishment of these protected areas plays a very important role in maintaining and improving the natural environment and protecting wildlife and vegetation resources in the northwest of China. Due to the harsh natural conditions in the desert area, the desert ecosystem is very fragile, and once it is destroyed, it is difficult to recover, especially the northwest region will be the key area of energy and economic construction in China in the 2 1 century. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to the construction of desert-type protected areas and delimit as many protected areas as possible. In addition, due to the large area of the desert reserve and the difficulty of closed management, special measures should be taken to strengthen the management of the established reserve, prohibit the indiscriminate capture and excavation of wildlife resources in the reserve, and especially prevent illegal mining activities in the reserve.
2.4 Protection of inland temperate zones and aquatic ecosystems
Inland wetlands and waters include lakes, rivers and swamps. There are many lakes and rivers in China, mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Mongolia-Xinjiang Region and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Marshes are mainly distributed in the northeast mountainous area, Sanjiang Plain and Zoige Plateau in western Sichuan. The total area of inland wetlands and waters is 38 million hm2, accounting for 4% of the national territory. The construction of inland wetlands and aquatic ecosystem nature reserves in China began in the late 1970s. At present, there are 16 nature reserves with an area of 910.6 million hm2. In addition, there are 64 rare birds, migratory birds and aquatic wildlife nature reserves with inland wetlands and water habitats, covering an area of 6.754 million hm2. Their total area is 7.67 million hm2, accounting for about 20% of the total area of inland wetlands and waters in China. Among them, the typical and important protected areas are: Honghe Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province, which protects the original swamp ecosystem and rare birds; Guizhou Caohai Nature Reserve protects plateau wetlands; Dalai Lake in Inner Mongolia, Chagan Lake in Jilin, Cibi Lake in Yunnan, Lugu Lake and other protected areas to protect lake ecosystems and rare birds; Jiang Wenlan in Hainan, Nuoshui River in Tongjiang, Sichuan and other protected areas protect river ecosystems. Wetland ecosystem has the functions of flood detention, drought resistance and drainage, water purification and climate regulation, and it is also an important habitat and breeding ground for many rare birds and aquatic wild animals. However, wetland ecosystem also has the characteristics of fragility and variability, and is easily affected by natural conditions and pollution. At present, due to the increasingly serious industrial pollution in towns and villages, many lakes and rivers are polluted to varying degrees, even affecting human health. Therefore, the construction of wetland ecosystem reserves should be strengthened, but the number and area of wetland type reserves are relatively small at present. There are many rivers and lakes in China. There are more than 50,000 rivers with a drainage area of over 65,438+000 square kilometers, and more than 2,800 natural lakes with an area of over 65,438+0 square kilometers. This type of nature reserve has great development potential.
2.5 Protection of marine and coastal ecosystems
China is close to the Pacific Ocean and is rich in marine resources. Offshore waters span warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone, including Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. It covers an area of over 4.7 million square kilometers. The mainland coastline 18000 kilometers, and there are more than 5 100 islands offshore. Due to regional differences, there are many different types of ecosystems in China offshore, such as estuaries, harbors, mangroves, coral reefs, islands and currents. By the end of 1993, China had established 25 marine and coastal ecosystem nature reserves with an area of 378,000 hm2. In addition, there are 365,438+0 marine wildlife species nature reserves, covering an area of 3.363 million hm2. They cover an area of 374 1 000 hm2 and are distributed in the coastal and offshore waters from the mouth of Yalu River to the mouth of Beilun River. Among them, typical and important protected areas are: Sanya and Lingaojiao in Hainan, which protect coral reef ecosystem; Mangrove reserves that protect mangrove ecosystems such as Dongzhai Port and Qinglan Port in Hainan, Neilingding Island-Futian in Guangdong, Shankou in Guangxi, Beicangkou and Longhai in Fujian; Protect protected areas such as beaches and wetlands; Hainan Wanning Island, Zhejiang Lu Nan Islands and other protected areas, to protect the island ecosystem. China is a big maritime country, and its offshore water area is equivalent to 1/2 of the land area. With the continuous strengthening of marine territorial consciousness, the development and utilization of marine resources will increase year by year, and the pollution of marine environment will also increase day by day. Compared with its requirements, there is a big gap in the construction of marine and coastal ecosystem nature reserves, and both the number and area need to be further developed.
3. Status and evaluation of wildlife species protection in China.
China is one of the countries with the richest species resources in the world, with animal and plant species accounting for about 10% of the global flora. Due to the special geographical environment and climatic conditions in China, especially since the Late Tertiary, most parts of China have not been affected by glacier cover, and many ancient species, endemic species and genera that have long been extinct in other parts of the northern hemisphere have been preserved. Strengthening the in-situ conservation of wildlife resources in China will make great contributions to the global biodiversity conservation. The construction of China's wildlife nature reserves began in the 1960s and was fully developed in the 1980s. By the end of 1993, there were 284 wildlife nature reserves in China, with an area of 19045438+00000 hm2. Most of the 257 animal species and groups in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals published by the State Council and 354 plant species in the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants published by the State Council Environmental Protection Committee have been protected in situ.
3. 1 In-situ conservation of wild animals
Of the 284 wildlife reserves, 2 14 are wild animals, with an area of1.8 million hm2. Among them:-Representative terrestrial mammal protected areas are Wolong, Tangjiahe, Baishuijiang, Gansu, Foping, Shaanxi, etc. 16 giant panda reserve; Protected areas such as Zhouzhi in Shaanxi and Mangkang in Tibet protect golden monkeys; Heilongjiang Qixing Granule Reserve protects the Northeast Tiger; Yunnan Nangunhe Nature Reserve protects Asian elephants; Hainan Bawangling Nature Reserve for the protection of gibbons; And Niubeiliang Niuling Nature Reserve in Shaanxi and Datianpo Nature Reserve in Hainan.
—— Representative protected areas for the protection of aquatic mammals are: Silla section of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province and Baiji Dolphin Reserve in Swan Prefecture; Guangxi Hepu Dugong Nature Reserve; Xinjiang Bulgen Beaver Reserve; Dalian harbor seal reserve in Liaoning, etc.
—— Representative reptile and amphibian protected areas are: Zhejiang Yinjiabian Crocodile Protected Area; Guangdong Huidong Turtle Reserve; Xinjiang Huocheng Four-claw Tortoise Reserve; Jiangxi Liaohe giant salamander reserve; Liaoning Snake Island Reserve, etc.
—— Representative protected areas for the protection of rare birds and migratory birds include: Zhalong in Heilongjiang, Xianghai in Jilin, Shuangtai Estuary in Liaoning, Yancheng in Jiangsu, Shenzha in Tibet, Huize in Yunnan and Gahai in Gansu. Swan reserves such as Yuncheng in Shanxi, Rongcheng in Shandong and Bayinbuluke in Xinjiang; Brown pheasant reserves such as Pangquangou and Luyashan in Shanxi; Zhu Nature Reserve in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province; Poyang Lake in Jiangxi, Bird Island in Qinghai Lake, Dalinuoer in Inner Mongolia, Sugan Lake in Gansu and other Hou bird reserves.
—— Representative protected areas for the protection of rare fish and other precious aquatic resources are: Huma River and Xunbiela River in Heilongjiang Province; Fujian Gongjingyang Pseudosciaena crocea and Changle mussel reserve; Liaoning Sanshan Island Seafood Reserve; Guangdong Haikang White Butterfly and Hainan Lingao White Butterfly Reserve; Wait a minute. Great achievements have been made in the in-situ conservation of wildlife resources in China. However, there are still a considerable number of wild animal species on the verge of extinction, such as South China Tiger, Northeast Tiger, White-cheeked Gibbon, White-handed Gibbon, Crested Ibis, flamingo, etc., with the number below 100. Moreover, in the past, the protection mainly focused on rare and endangered animal species, while ignoring the protection of some common wild animal species, which made these species on the verge of extinction, such as antelope, wolf and black bear. In addition, the previous protection focused on vertebrates, especially large mammals, while ignoring the protection of invertebrates, such as insects and shellfish. The protection of aquatic animals has not attracted enough attention. These species are an important part of biodiversity and should be paid attention to.
3.2 in situ protection of wild plants
China has established 70 nature reserves of wild plant types, covering an area of 654.38+0.4 million hm2. These include:
—— The representative protected areas for the protection of rare and endangered plants are Lichuan, Hubei, and Tarot, Hunan, which protect the original Metasequoia forest; Hubei Xingdoushan Nature Reserve protects Hong Tong; Guangxi Huaping and other protected areas to protect the silver fir; Guizhou Chishui, Sichuan Jinhua, Linshui and other protected areas; Guangxi Fangcheng Shang Yue Tea Tree Nature Reserve; Panzhihua, Sichuan, Pudu River, Yunnan, protecting Cycas; Wait a minute.
—— Representative protected areas for the protection of precious timber tree species are: Changbai Pine Reserve in Baihe County, Jilin Province; Fujian Luoboyan Nanmu Nature Reserve; Castanopsis kawakamii nature reserve in Sanming, Fujian; Wait a minute.
—— Representative protected areas for the protection of precious medicinal plants are: Wuma Camel Medicinal Material Reserve in Heilongjiang; Guangxi Longhushan medicinal materials reserve; Wait a minute. Although most national key protected plants have been protected in nature reserves, some species are not concentrated, and their populations in nature reserves are relatively limited, while a considerable number of populations are scattered outside the reserves, which is extremely vulnerable. In-situ protection of the population outside the nature reserve should be strengthened by establishing nature reserves. Some economic and medicinal plants are easily destroyed by human beings, and even in nature reserves, they are also stolen and dug, such as ginseng, Eucommia ulmoides, gastrodia elata and other plants, which need special protection measures. In addition, in the past, the in-situ protection of plants mostly focused on large woody plants, and the protection of herbs and shrubs was often ignored. Herbs are usually sensitive to environmental changes, because their life intensity is weak, and they are usually more likely to become extinct because of human influence. These aspects should be paid attention to in the future development planning of protected areas.
4. In situ conservation of genetic resources in China.
Genetic resources refer to the variety resources of domestic animals, cultivated crops and their wild relatives. China has a long history of agriculture and is extremely rich in genetic resources. With the introduction and popularization of exotic varieties and the specialized seed production of high-yield varieties, the genetic diversity of livestock and crops has undergone profound changes, and some local ancient and indigenous varieties unique to China have gradually disappeared. With the shrinking of natural habitats, many wild relatives of crops are threatened, and some of them have disappeared. These wild relatives play an irreplaceable role in improving crop quality and should be effectively protected in situ. Among the nature reserves that have been built in China, the protection of genetic resources is rare, mainly including: Gong Liu Wild Walnut Reserve and Tayu Almond Reserve in Xinjiang to protect wild relatives of cultivated fruit trees; Hubei Baokang Wild Chimonanthus praecox Reserve and Heilongjiang Laoshan Lotus Reserve, which protect wild flower resources; Protection of freshwater fish germplasm resources in Poyang Lake and Cyprinus carpio spawning grounds in Jiangxi Province. The protection of genetic resources is an important aspect of biodiversity protection, which has attracted increasing attention from the international community. China is one of the important centers of origin of crops in the world. According to statistics, of the more than 600 crops cultivated in China, 237 are native to China. However, there is a big gap in the in-situ protection of genetic resources in China, and it has not even started yet, and a lot of work needs to be carried out. For example, China is one of the origins of rice, and there are three kinds of wild rice, but the nature reserve of wild rice habitat has not been established so far. With the development of agriculture, the habitat of wild rice will shrink and disappear, causing huge economic losses. The protection and utilization of genetic diversity has become the focus of international attention. In the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, the protection and utilization of genetic resources is a key content, which involves the interests of the country. Therefore, strengthening the protection of genetic resources is a strategic issue of biodiversity protection and should be given special attention. In the planning of nature reserves, we should attach great importance to the in-situ protection of genetic diversity and strive to establish more nature reserves.
5. Conclusion
Great achievements have been made in the in-situ conservation of biodiversity in China, but there is still a certain distance compared with the international advanced level. With the entry into force and implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the requirements for in-situ conservation of biodiversity will be higher and higher, and China is one of the contracting parties to the Convention. In 1990s and 2 1 century, our government put biodiversity protection as the focus of environmental protection work, and formulated and issued the China Biodiversity Protection Action Plan, which also listed biodiversity protection as the key item of China Agenda 2 1 century. In order to strengthen the in-situ protection of biodiversity, the State Planning Commission entrusted the State Environmental Protection Agency to prepare the development plan of 1994-205O China Nature Reserve. The planning goal is that by 2000, the total area of nature reserves in China will reach10% of the national territory; By 2050, the land area will reach L5%. However, to truly achieve this grand goal, we still need to make very arduous efforts.